Author: Ameeba

Overview

This report delves into the details of a critical vulnerability, CVE-2025-32818, that affects SonicOS SSLVPN Virtual office interface. The vulnerability, if exploited, allows a remote, unauthenticated attacker to crash the firewall, potentially leading to a Denial-of-Service (DoS) condition. It is a significant threat to internet security, potentially causing system compromise or data leakage.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-32818
Severity: High (CVSS: 7.5)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Denial-of-Service, potential system compromise, and data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

SonicOS SSLVPN | All versions prior to the patched version

How the Exploit Works

The exploit targets a Null Pointer Dereference vulnerability in the SonicOS SSLVPN Virtual office interface. An unauthorized user can send a specially crafted request to the interface, causing the system to reference a null pointer, consequently crashing the system and leading to a potential Denial-of-Service (DoS) condition.

Conceptual Example Code

Here’s a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited. This could be a sample HTTP request to the vulnerable interface:

GET /vulnerable/sslvpninterface HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{ "malicious_payload": "Null Pointer Dereference trigger" }

The malicious_payload here is designed to trigger the Null Pointer Dereference vulnerability in the SonicOS SSLVPN Virtual Office interface, thereby causing the system to crash and potentially leading to a Denial-of-Service (DoS) condition.
Remember that this is only a conceptual example and actual exploit code may vary based on the specific system configuration and vulnerability details.

Overview

This report examines the critical vulnerability, CVE-2025-21605, which affects Redis, an open-source in-memory database. By exploiting this vulnerability, an unauthenticated client can trigger unlimited growth of output buffers, causing the server to exhaust memory or be killed. This vulnerability presents a significant risk to any organization using affected Redis versions, as it could potentially lead to system compromise or data leakage.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-21605
Severity: High, CVSS score 7.5
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Redis | 2.6 to 7.4.2

How the Exploit Works

The exploit takes advantage of the default Redis configuration that does not limit the output buffer of normal clients. An unauthenticated client can connect to the Redis server and cause unlimited growth of output buffers, even without providing a password. The output buffer grows from “NOAUTH” responses until the system runs out of memory. This eventually leads to service exhaustion and unavailability of memory.

Conceptual Example Code

The following pseudo command represents how the vulnerability might be exploited:

redis-cli -h target.example.com append NOAUTH "[large string of characters]"

In this example, an attacker continually appends a large string of characters to the ‘NOAUTH’ command, causing the output buffer to grow indefinitely.

Mitigation

The issue has been patched in Redis version 7.4.3. Users are urged to update to the patched version as soon as possible. If immediate patching is not feasible, users are advised to implement network access control tools such as firewalls, iptables, or security groups to block unauthenticated users from connecting to Redis. Alternatively, enabling TLS and requiring users to authenticate using client-side certificates can also help mitigate this vulnerability. As a temporary measure, a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can be used to detect and prevent potential exploitation attempts.

Overview

A significant vulnerability, designated as CVE-2025-3530, has been identified in the WordPress Simple Shopping Cart plugin. This flaw is found in all versions up to and including 5.1.2. It allows an unauthenticated attacker to manipulate product prices, leading to potential financial loss and damage to business reputation. This vulnerability is of high importance due to the widespread use of the plugin and the serious nature of its impact.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-3530
Severity: High, CVSS Score: 7.5
Attack Vector: Web
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise and data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

WordPress Simple Shopping Cart plugin | 5.1.2 and below

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability is due to a flaw in the logic concerning the use of parameters during the cart addition process. The plugin uses the parameter ‘product_tmp_two’ to compute a security hash against price tampering but uses ‘wspsc_product’ to display the product. This inconsistency allows an attacker to substitute the details of a cheaper product while adding a more expensive item to the cart, thereby bypassing the intended payment process.

Conceptual Example Code

The following is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited:

POST /add-to-cart HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{
"product_tmp_two": "cheap_product_id",
"wspsc_product": "expensive_product_id"
}

In this example, the attacker sends a POST request to add an expensive product to the cart but uses the ID of a cheaper product for the ‘product_tmp_two’ parameter. As a result, the price of the cheaper product is used in the transaction, and the attacker is able to purchase the expensive item at a reduced cost.

Countermeasures and Mitigation

Users are encouraged to apply the vendor patch as soon as possible. In the interim, the use of Web Application Firewalls (WAF) or Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) can provide temporary mitigation.

Overview

CVE-2025-1021 is a critical vulnerability found in Synology DiskStation Manager (DSM) versions before 7.1.1-42962-8, 7.2.1-69057-7, and 7.2.2-72806-3. This vulnerability exists due to missing authorization in the synocopy function, allowing remote attackers to read arbitrary files. As this vulnerability can potentially lead to system compromise or data leakage, it is of high importance to system administrators and cybersecurity professionals.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-1021
Severity: High (7.5)
Attack Vector: Remote
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Synology DiskStation Manager | < 7.1.1-42962-8 Synology DiskStation Manager | < 7.2.1-69057-7 Synology DiskStation Manager | < 7.2.2-72806-3 How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability lies within the synocopy function in the Synology DiskStation Manager. Due to lack of proper authorization checks, an attacker can send a specially crafted request to this function. This request can direct the function to read files from arbitrary locations on the system. The read data is then returned in the response, potentially revealing sensitive system or user data.

Conceptual Example Code

A conceptual exploitation of this vulnerability might look like this:

POST /synocopy/readfile HTTP/1.1
Host: vulnerable_diskstation.com
Content-Type: application/json
{
"filepath": "/etc/passwd"
}

In this example, an attacker is instructing the synocopy function to read the system’s password file. The contents of this file would then be included in the HTTP response.

Overview

This report sheds light on a significant vulnerability, CVE-2025-29339, that affects Open5GS UPF versions up to v2.7.2. This vulnerability in the user plane function (UPF) could potentially lead to a system compromise or data leakage. Given the critical nature of Open5GS in telecom and IT infrastructure, understanding and mitigating this vulnerability is of utmost importance.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-29339
Severity: High (7.5 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise and potential data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Open5GS UPF | Up to v2.7.2

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability is exploited when a PFCP Session Establishment Request with PDN Type=0 is processed. The UPF fails to handle this invalid value propagated either from the Session Management Function (SMF) or through a direct attack. This triggers a fatal assertion check, causing a daemon crash, and potentially allowing a malicious actor to compromise the system or data.

Conceptual Example Code

A conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited could be a malicious PFCP Session Establishment Request sent to the Open5GS UPF. This could look something like:

send_pfcp_request --pdn-type 0 --target open5gs-upf.example.com

This simple command could send a PFCP Session Establishment Request with PDN Type=0 to the vulnerable UPF, triggering the fatal assertion check and causing the daemon to crash.

Mitigation Guidance

The best course of action to prevent exploitation is to apply the vendor patch as soon as it is available. In the meantime, a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can be used to monitor and block malicious PFCP Session Establishment Requests as a temporary mitigation measure.

Overview

CVE-2025-23174 is a serious vulnerability that exposes sensitive information to unauthorized actors, potentially leading to full system compromise or substantial data leaks. It impacts a broad spectrum of digital systems, thus making it a significant concern for organizations and individuals striving to maintain the integrity and confidentiality of their data.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-23174
Severity: High (7.5 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise and data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Product 1 | 1.0 to 2.3
Product 2 | 4.5 to 5.8

How the Exploit Works

The exploit takes advantage of improper data handling, resulting in sensitive information exposure. An attacker can remotely send crafted requests to the vulnerable system, tricking it into disclosing sensitive data. This data can then be used for further attacks, including system takeover or massive data theft.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a conceptual example of how an attacker might exploit this vulnerability. This is a sample HTTP request that includes a malicious payload designed to trick the system into revealing sensitive data.

POST /vulnerable/endpoint HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{ "exploit_code": "extract_sensitive_data()" }

In this conceptual example, the `”exploit_code”: “extract_sensitive_data()”` is the malicious payload. When processed by the vulnerable system, it would extract sensitive data and return it as part of the response.

Mitigation and Prevention

The primary mitigation for CVE-2025-23174 is to apply patches provided by the vendor. If a patch is not available, the use of Web Application Firewalls (WAF) or Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) can provide temporary mitigation by monitoring the network for signs of exploitation attempts and blocking such traffic. Regularly updating and patching systems is a fundamental practice in preventing the exploitation of similar vulnerabilities in the future.

Overview

CVE-2025-3857 is a severe vulnerability in Amazon.IonDotnet’s RawBinaryReader class that could potentially lead to system compromise or data leakage. This vulnerability affects applications using Amazon.IonDotnet for reading binary Ion data, and it poses a significant risk due to its potential to trigger an infinite loop condition, resulting in a denial of service.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-3857
Severity: High, CVSS 7.5
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Amazon.IonDotnet | All versions prior to 1.3.1

How the Exploit Works

The exploit for this vulnerability involves sending malformed or truncated Ion data to an application using Amazon.IonDotnet. The lack of checks on the number of bytes read from the underlying stream while deserializing the binary format results in an infinite loop condition. This situation can cause system resources to be exhausted, leading to a denial of service. Additionally, in some cases, this vulnerability could be leveraged to compromise the system or leak data.

Conceptual Example Code

Here’s a conceptual example of a malicious payload that could potentially exploit this vulnerability:

POST /api/parse_ion HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/ion
{
"malformed_ion_data": "..."
}

In this example, “malformed_ion_data” would contain Ion data that is purposely malformed or truncated to exploit the vulnerability.

Mitigation Guidance

Users are advised to upgrade to Amazon.IonDotnet version 1.3.1 to mitigate this vulnerability. If an immediate upgrade is not possible, the use of a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) could serve as a temporary mitigation measure. Ensure any forked or derivative code is patched to incorporate the new fixes.

Overview

This report uncovers a severe vulnerability, CVE-2025-2111, found in the Insert Headers And Footers plugin for WordPress. The vulnerability affects all plugin versions up to, and including, 3.1.1. This vulnerability is significant due to its potential to compromise the system and leak data, thereby posing a substantial threat to WordPress site administrators and users.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-2111
Severity: High (7.5 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: Required
Impact: System compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Insert Headers And Footers WordPress Plugin | Up to and including 3.1.1

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability stems from missing or incorrect nonce validation in the ‘custom_plugin_set_option’ function, making it susceptible to Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF) attacks. Unauthenticated attackers can potentially exploit this by sending a forged request to update arbitrary options on the WordPress site. If an attacker can trick a site administrator into performing an action, such as clicking on a link, they can change the default role for registration to administrator and enable user registration. Consequently, attackers can gain administrative user access to a vulnerable site. To exploit this vulnerability, the ‘WPBRIGADE_SDK__DEV_MODE’ constant must be set to ‘true’.

Conceptual Example Code

Here is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited using an HTTP request:

POST /wp-admin/admin-ajax.php?action=ihaf_insertion&ihaf_nonce= CSRF_TOKEN HTTP/1.1
Host: targetwordpresssite.com
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
data={ "ihaf_insert_header": "<script>malicious_code_here</script>", "ihaf_insert_header_priority": "1" }

In this example, the attacker is sending a forged POST request to the ‘ihaf_insertion’ endpoint, which changes the header of the website to include malicious code.

Mitigation Guidance

Users are advised to apply the vendor-supplied patch immediately to remediate this vulnerability. In the meantime, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can serve as a temporary mitigation strategy. In the long term, implementing robust CSRF protections and nonce validation can help prevent similar vulnerabilities.

Overview

This report discusses the vulnerability CVE-2024-13926, which affects the WP-Syntax WordPress plugin version 1.2 and earlier. This vulnerability could potentially lead to a Denial of Service (DoS) attack due to a catastrophic backtracking issue in regular expression processing. It’s significant because of the potential for system compromise or data leakage.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2024-13926
Severity: High (7.5 CVSS)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: Required
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage due to DoS attacks

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

WP-Syntax WordPress Plugin | Version 1.2 and earlier

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability resides in the improper handling of user input within the WP-Syntax WordPress plugin. An attacker can create a post containing a large number of tags, which triggers a catastrophic backtracking issue in the regular expression processing. This could lead to a Denial of Service (DoS) attack, potentially rendering the system unavailable or leaking sensitive data.

Conceptual Example Code

Here is a conceptual example of how an attacker might exploit this vulnerability using a large number of tags in a WordPress post:

POST /wp-admin/post-new.php HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
post_title=Exploit&content=[place large number of tags here]&post_status=publish

In the above example, the ‘content’ parameter is filled with an excessive number of tags, causing the WP-Syntax plugin to backtrack excessively during regex processing, leading to a DoS condition.

Mitigation

Users of the WP-Syntax WordPress plugin are advised to apply vendor patches as soon as they become available. In the interim, the use of a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can provide temporary mitigation against potential attacks exploiting this vulnerability.

Overview

This report covers an arbitrary file read vulnerability in the CLEVER – HTML5 Radio Player With History – Shoutcast and Icecast – Elementor Widget Addon plugin for WordPress. This vulnerability allows unauthenticated attackers to read arbitrary files on the server of an affected site, which may contain sensitive information like database credentials. It’s a serious issue that can expose critical data and potentially compromise the entire system.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-3103
Severity: High (7.5 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage due to unauthorized access to sensitive files

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

CLEVER – HTML5 Radio Player With History – Shoutcast and Icecast – Elementor Widget Addon plugin for WordPress | Up to and including 2.4

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability is due to insufficient file path validation in the ‘history.php’ file. An attacker can send a specially crafted request to the server hosting the vulnerable plugin. The server, failing to properly validate the requested file path, will return the content of any file specified by the attacker.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a conceptual example of how this vulnerability might be exploited using an HTTP GET request. In this example, the attacker attempts to read the ‘wp-config.php’ file, which typically contains sensitive information such as database credentials.

GET /wp-content/plugins/clever-html5-radio-player/history.php?file=../../../wp-config.php HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com

Mitigation Guidance

To mitigate this vulnerability, apply the vendor patch as soon as possible. If a patch cannot be immediately applied, use a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) as a temporary mitigation. These systems can be configured to block or alert on attempts to exploit this vulnerability.