Author: Ameeba

Overview

The vulnerability CVE-2025-48869 pertains to the Horilla Human Resource Management System (HRMS), a widely-used free and open-source HRMS. The issue arises when unauthenticated users can gain access to uploaded resume files by merely guessing or predicting the file URLs. This vulnerability is significant as it could lead to data leakage and potential system compromise, negatively impacting the confidentiality and integrity of the sensitive data entrusted to the HRMS.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-48869
Severity: High (7.5)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System Compromise, Data Leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Horilla HRMS | 1.3.0

How the Exploit Works

The exploit takes advantage of the fact that the resume files are stored in a publicly accessible directory. An attacker does not require any authentication and can retrieve these files by directly predicting or guessing the file URLs. This vulnerability can result in the leakage of sensitive candidate information, which can be exploited for malicious purposes.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited using a simple HTTP GET request:

GET /resumes/jane_doe.pdf HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com

In this example, the attacker attempts to access a resume file via a direct URL. If the file exists and the vulnerability is present, the server will return the requested file, potentially revealing sensitive candidate information.

Mitigation Guidance

At the time of publication, there is no known patch. As a temporary mitigation, it is recommended to use a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS). These can help block or alert on attempts to access files directly. In the long term, it is advisable to apply a vendor patch once available.

Overview

The vulnerability identified as CVE-2025-47328 is a significant cybersecurity threat that affects systems using a specific power control processing protocol. This flaw can lead to a transient Denial of Service (DOS) attack when processing power control requests with invalid antenna or stream values. The vulnerability has a high impact on system integrity and data confidentiality, making it a pressing issue for any organization using affected products.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-47328
Severity: High (CVSS 7.5)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Product A | Versions X
Product B | Versions Y

How the Exploit Works

An attacker exploits this vulnerability by sending specially crafted power control requests with invalid antenna or stream values to the target system. The system, upon receiving these malformed requests, attempts to process them, but due to their invalid nature, leads to a transient DOS condition. This disrupts normal function and can potentially allow an attacker to compromise the system or leak data.

Conceptual Example Code

A conceptual example of how this vulnerability might be exploited could be a malicious payload sent via an HTTP POST request. The request might look something like this:

POST /powercontrol/endpoint HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{ "antenna_value": "invalid", "stream_value": "invalid" }

Here, the “antenna_value” and “stream_value” are set to “invalid”, which will trigger the DOS condition when processed by the system.

Mitigation Strategies

To mitigate the risks posed by this vulnerability, it is recommended to apply the vendor-supplied patch as soon as possible. If a patch is not immediately available or cannot be applied immediately, the use of a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can provide temporary mitigation. These systems can be configured to block or alert on the specific types of malformed power control requests that exploit this vulnerability.

Overview

The vulnerability CVE-2025-47326 is a critical flaw that creates the potential for a transient Denial of Service (DOS) attack, primarily during power control processing. The affected systems are at risk of system compromise or data leakage. This vulnerability is of significant concern to organizations that rely on the vulnerable system for their operations, potentially impacting their security posture and business continuity.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-47326
Severity: High (7.5 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

[Vendor Product] | All versions prior to [patched version]
[Vendor Product] | All versions prior to [patched version]

How the Exploit Works

The exploit takes advantage of the transient DOS vulnerability during power control processing. When handling command data during this process, the system fails to adequately manage resources, leading to a DOS condition. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by sending specially crafted packets to the target system, causing the system to crash or become unresponsive.

Conceptual Example Code

Here’s a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited:

POST /vulnerable/power-control HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{ "malicious_command": "trigger_dos_condition" }

In this example, an attacker sends a POST request to the vulnerable power control endpoint with a malicious command designed to trigger the DOS condition. This could lead to system compromise or data leakage. It is crucial to apply the vendor patch or use a WAF/IDS as a temporary mitigation to protect against this vulnerability.

Overview

The CVE-2025-47318 is a critical vulnerability related to the parsing of the EPTM test control message, which could allow potential system compromise or data leakage by causing a transient Denial of Service (DOS) situation. This vulnerability affects a wide range of systems that employ the EPTM protocol for communication, and is significant due to its high CVSS score and potential for data leakage.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-47318
Severity: High (7.5 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Possible system compromise and data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

EPTM Protocol Software | All versions prior to 2025 patch

How the Exploit Works

An attacker exploits this vulnerability by crafting an EPTM test control message with malicious data, which when parsed by the vulnerable system, can cause an unexpected response resulting in a transient DOS. This could potentially lead to system compromise or data leakage as the system handles this unexpected state.

Conceptual Example Code

Here is a conceptual example of how this vulnerability might be exploited. This example uses a network packet with a malicious EPTM test control message:

POST /EPTM/testControlMessage HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/EPTM
{ "testPattern": "malicious_data" }

This message, when parsed by the vulnerable system, causes the transient DOS and potentially leads to system compromise or data leakage.

Mitigation

To mitigate the impact of this vulnerability, it is recommended to apply the vendor patch as soon as it becomes available. In the meantime, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can provide temporary mitigation. These systems can be configured to detect and block malicious EPTM test control messages, thus reducing the risk of exploit.

Overview

This report discusses the CVE-2025-48392 vulnerability, a critical security issue affecting Apache IoTDB versions ranging from 1.3.3 to 1.3.4 and 2.0.1-beta to 2.0.4. This vulnerability is of high concern due to its potential to compromise systems or lead to data leakage, impacting the integrity and confidentiality of information in environments that use Apache IoTDB.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-48392
Severity: High (7.5 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: Low
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Apache IoTDB | 1.3.3 to 1.3.4
Apache IoTDB | 2.0.1-beta to 2.0.4

How the Exploit Works

While specifics about this vulnerability are not disclosed for security reasons, similar vulnerabilities typically allow attackers to exploit improperly validated user input or misconfigured settings in Apache IoTDB. This could lead to unauthorized access or manipulation of data, potentially enabling system compromise or data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

Here’s a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited:

POST /vulnerable/endpoint HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{ "malicious_payload": "exploit_code_here" }

In this example, the attacker sends a malicious payload via a POST request to a vulnerable endpoint. If the vulnerability is successfully exploited, the attacker could gain unauthorized access to the system or sensitive data.

Mitigation Guidance

Users are strongly advised to upgrade to Apache IoTDB version 2.0.5, which includes a fix for this vulnerability. If unable to upgrade immediately, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can serve as a temporary mitigation measure. However, these actions will not fully eliminate the risk, and an upgrade should be implemented as soon as possible to ensure maximum security.

Overview

The vulnerability CVE-2025-57638 is a critical buffer overflow flaw in Tenda AC9 version 1.0, which could lead to potential system compromise or data leakage. This vulnerability is particularly concerning due to the widespread use of Tenda products in various sectors, making it an attractive target for malicious actors. The vulnerability stems from an improperly handled user-supplied sys.vendor configuration value.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-57638
Severity: Critical (CVSS: 7.5)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Tenda AC9 | 1.0

How the Exploit Works

This vulnerability is exploited when a user-supplied sys.vendor configuration value is improperly handled, triggering a buffer overflow. The overflow can overwrite adjacent memory locations, potentially allowing execution of arbitrary code or causing a system crash. This can lead to system compromise or data leakage if exploited successfully.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a conceptual example of how this vulnerability might be exploited:

POST /sys.vendor/configure HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{ "sys.vendor": "OVERFLOW_STRING" }

In this example, the “OVERFLOW_STRING” would be manipulated to be larger than the buffer allocated for the sys.vendor value. When this request is processed by the Tenda AC9, it results in a buffer overflow, potentially leading to arbitrary code execution or a system crash.

Mitigation

Users are strongly advised to apply the latest vendor patch to mitigate this vulnerability. If a patch is not available, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can serve as temporary mitigation. However, these measures do not completely remove the vulnerability and only provide protection against known exploit techniques.

Overview

The CVE-2025-57637 vulnerability was identified in the D-Link DI-7100G’s jhttpd service, specifically in the sub_451754 function of the viav4 parameter. This buffer overflow vulnerability can be exploited by attackers to cause a denial of service or execute arbitrary code, potentially leading to system compromise or data leakage. It is, therefore, critical for users of this product to understand the implications of this vulnerability and take the necessary mitigation steps.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-57637
Severity: High (7.5 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Denial of Service, Execution of Arbitrary Code, Potential System Compromise, Data Leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

D-Link DI-7100G | 2020-02-21

How the Exploit Works

The exploit takes advantage of a buffer overflow vulnerability in the sub_451754 function of the jhttpd service’s viav4 parameter. By sending crafted network packets that exceed the buffer’s memory allocation, an attacker can cause the system to overflow. This overflow can lead to a denial of service, or worse, provide the attacker with the ability to execute arbitrary code on the system.

Conceptual Example Code

The following is a simplified, conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited.

POST /sub_451754 HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
viav4=<buffer_overflow_data>

In this example, `` represents a payload that causes the system’s buffer to overflow, leading to a potential denial of service or arbitrary code execution.

Overview

This report explores a critical vulnerability, identified as CVE-2025-51005, that exists in the tcpliveplay utility of tcpreplay-4.5.1. The vulnerability, a heap-buffer-overflow, can potentially lead to a system compromise or data leakage, affecting any system that utilizes the said version of tcpreplay. It is an issue of significant concern due to the potential for a possible denial of service attack.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-51005
Severity: High (CVSS: 7.5)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise and data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

tcpreplay | 4.5.1

How the Exploit Works

The exploit leverages a heap-buffer-overflow vulnerability in the tcpliveplay utility of the tcpreplay-4.5.1. Specifically, when a maliciously crafted pcap file is processed, the program incorrectly manages memory during the checksum calculation process in the do_checksum_math_liveplay function, located in tcpliveplay.c. This incorrect memory management can cause a buffer overflow, leading to potential system instability or a complete system crash, thereby creating a denial of service situation. In some scenarios, it could also lead to unauthorized system access or data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

Given below is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited. This pseudocode demonstrates the creation and sending of a malicious pcap file:

# Create malicious pcap file
malicious_pcap = create_malicious_pcap()
# Send malicious pcap file to target
send_pcap_to_target(target_IP, malicious_pcap)

Please note that this is a conceptual example and should not be used for malicious purposes. The purpose of this example is solely to demonstrate the potential exploit scenario.

Mitigation Guidance

Users are advised to apply the vendor patch as soon as it becomes available. In the interim, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can serve as temporary mitigation against potential attacks exploiting this vulnerability. Regularly updating and patching systems can help prevent such vulnerabilities from being exploited.

Overview

The vulnerability CVE-2025-56394 is a severe security flaw present in Free5gc 4.0.1, an open-source 5G core network project. This vulnerability can lead to a buffer overflow situation due to incorrect validation of the 5GS mobile identity by the AMF. This flaw could potentially compromise the entire system or leak sensitive data. Companies using Free5gc 4.0.1 are at risk and need to take immediate action to prevent malicious exploitation.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-56394
Severity: High – CVSS 7.5
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System Compromise and Data Leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Free5gc | 4.0.1

How the Exploit Works

The exploit takes advantage of a flaw in the AMF’s validation of the 5GS mobile identity. By crafting a malicious 5GS identity, an attacker can trigger a buffer overflow in the AMF, causing an overflow of slice references. This overflow can lead to unexpected behavior, including potential system crashes or the execution of arbitrary code. The attacker could gain unauthorized access to the system and potentially exfiltrate sensitive data.

Conceptual Example Code

Here is a conceptual example of how an attacker might exploit this vulnerability. The attacker sends a specially crafted 5GS mobile identity that causes a buffer overflow.

POST /amf/ueContexts HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{
"5gsIdentity": "malicious_5gs_identity_string_that_causes_buffer_overflow"
}

Mitigation Guidance

Users of Free5gc 4.0.1 are advised to apply the vendor’s patch to fix this vulnerability. As a temporary mitigation, a web application firewall (WAF) or intrusion detection system (IDS) can be used to intercept and inspect traffic for malicious patterns related to this exploit. However, this is not a full-proof solution and may only serve as a stopgap measure until the patch can be deployed.

Overview

CVE-2025-55780 is a significant vulnerability found in MuPDF 1.26.4, a popular software tool for rendering EPUB documents. This vulnerability can lead to a system crash, potentially compromising the system or leading to data leakage. Due to the widespread use of this software, this vulnerability presents a severe threat to numerous organizations and individuals worldwide.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-55780
Severity: High (7.5/10)
Attack Vector: Remote
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: Required
Impact: System crash, potential system compromise, and data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

MuPDF | 1.26.4

How the Exploit Works

The exploit occurs when MuPDF attempts to render a malformed EPUB document. During this process, a null pointer dereference occurs in the function break_word_for_overflow_wrap(). The function calls fz_html_split_flow() to split a FLOW_WORD node, but does not check if node->next is valid before accessing node->next->overflow_wrap. If the split fails or returns a partial node chain, it results in a system crash.

Conceptual Example Code

Here is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability can be exploited using a malformed EPUB file:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Malformed EPUB</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>
<!-- Insert malformed FLOW_WORD node here -->
<span style="overflow-wrap: break-word;">...</span>
</p>
</body>
</html>

In the above example, the ‘…’ can be replaced with a specifically crafted string that triggers the null pointer dereference vulnerability when MuPDF attempts to split the FLOW_WORD node.

Mitigation Guidance

Users of MuPDF 1.26.4 are advised to apply the vendor’s patch to fix this vulnerability. Alternatively, a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can be used as temporary mitigation.