Author: Ameeba

Overview

This report analyzes the CVE-2025-32398 vulnerability, a NULL Pointer Dereference found in RT-Labs P-Net version 1.0.1 or earlier. This vulnerability allows an attacker to crash IO devices making use of the library by sending a malicious RPC packet. The affected systems include any IO devices using the vulnerable version of RT-Labs P-Net. This vulnerability is significant due to its potential to compromise system integrity or leak sensitive data.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-32398
Severity: High (CVSS: 7.5)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise, potential data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

RT-Labs P-Net | 1.0.1 and earlier

How the Exploit Works

The exploit takes advantage of a NULL Pointer Dereference in RT-Labs P-Net. By sending a malicious RPC packet to a device using this library, an attacker can cause the system to crash. This is due to the software not properly validating the input received over the network, leading to a NULL Pointer Dereference. If exploited successfully, this vulnerability could lead to system crashes or potential data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

Here is a conceptual example of how an attacker might exploit this vulnerability using a malicious RPC packet:

POST /rpc/packet HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
{"command":"send", "data":"null_pointer_dereference_trigger"}

This example illustrates a malicious RPC packet that could potentially trigger a NULL Pointer Dereference, leading to a system crash or data leakage. The actual payload would depend on the specific implementation of RT-Labs P-Net in use.

Mitigation Guidance

To mitigate this vulnerability, users should apply the vendor patch as soon as it becomes available. In the meantime, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can offer temporary mitigation. These systems can be configured to detect and block suspicious RPC packets, thereby reducing the risk of exploitation.

Overview

A significant vulnerability, identified as CVE-2025-32397, has been found in RT-Labs P-Net version 1.0.1 or earlier. This vulnerability, stemming from a Heap-based Buffer Overflow, impacts IO devices that employ this library. It is particularly significant due to it allowing an attacker to crash these devices by sending a malicious RPC packet.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-32397
Severity: High (CVSS: 7.5)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: The successful exploit of this vulnerability could lead to system compromise and potential data leakage.

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

RT-Labs P-Net | 1.0.1 and earlier

How the Exploit Works

The exploit works by an attacker sending a malicious RPC (Remote Procedure Call) packet to an IO device using the vulnerable version of RT-Labs P-Net. This results in a Heap-based Buffer Overflow, which in turn induces a system crash. This could potentially be used to compromise the system or lead to data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

Although this is a network-based attack, here’s a conceptual representation of a malicious RPC packet that could be used to exploit the vulnerability.

POST /RPC2 HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/xml
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<methodCall>
<methodName>system.method</methodName>
<params>
<param>
<value><string>Malicious_Buffer_Overflow_String</string></value>
</param>
</params>
</methodCall>

Note: This example does not represent actual exploit code, but rather serves to illustrate the general concept of how the vulnerability could be exploited.

Mitigation

Users are advised to apply the vendor-supplied patch as the primary mitigation strategy. If this is not immediately possible, employing a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can serve as temporary mitigation. Always ensure that your systems are running the latest versions of all software and that all patches are applied promptly to reduce vulnerability.

Overview

The CVE-2025-32396 vulnerability is a critical flaw present in RT-Labs P-Net version 1.0.1 or earlier. This vulnerability results from a heap-based buffer overflow, which allows an attacker to crash IO devices using the library by sending a malicious RPC packet. Since a successful attack could potentially lead to system compromise or data leakage, this vulnerability demands immediate attention and remediation.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-32396
Severity: High (CVSS: 7.5)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Possible system compromise and data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

RT-Labs P-Net | 1.0.1 or earlier

How the Exploit Works

The exploitation of this vulnerability revolves around the manipulation of a heap-based buffer overflow in the RT-Labs P-Net software. By sending a specifically crafted RPC packet to the target IO device using the vulnerable library, an attacker could cause the system to crash. This crash could potentially allow further exploits, leading to system compromise or data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

The following is a conceptual demonstration of how the vulnerability might be exploited. This pseudocode aims to create a malicious RPC packet to trigger the heap-based buffer overflow.

import socket
target_IP = "target_IP_here"
target_port = "target_port_here"
# Crafting a malicious RPC packet
malicious_packet = bytes("Overflowing data...", "utf-8") * 1024
# Sending the malicious RPC packet
s = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
s.connect((target_IP, target_port))
s.sendall(malicious_packet)
s.close()

Mitigation Guidance

The best course of action to mitigate this vulnerability is to apply the vendor-provided patch. If the patch cannot be applied immediately, the use of a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can serve as temporary mitigation to prevent the exploitation of this vulnerability. Regularly updating and patching systems can also help prevent such vulnerabilities in the future.

Overview

The CVE-2025-0853 refers to a serious security vulnerability found in the PGS Core Plugin for WordPress. This vulnerability might allow unauthenticated attackers to execute SQL injections via the ‘event’ parameter in the ‘save_header_builder’ function. Due to the high severity of this issue, it presents a significant risk to WordPress websites using the PGS Core Plugin, as it could lead to system compromise or sensitive data exposure.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-0853
Severity: High (CVSS: 7.5)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise and potential sensitive data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

PGS Core Plugin for WordPress | Up to and including 5.8.0

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability is due to an input validation flaw in the ‘save_header_builder’ function of the PGS Core Plugin for WordPress. By supplying a malicious ‘event’ parameter in a request, an unauthenticated attacker could inject SQL commands into the back-end database. As the plugin does not properly sanitize this user-supplied input, the attacker’s SQL commands could be executed in the context of the application, leading to unauthorized data access, modification, or system compromise.

Conceptual Example Code

Here is a conceptual example of how this vulnerability might be exploited:

POST /wp-admin/admin-ajax.php?action=save_header_builder HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
event=1; DROP TABLE users;--

In this example, the attacker sends a POST request to the vulnerable endpoint with an ‘event’ parameter, containing a malicious SQL command that deletes the ‘users’ table from the database.

Mitigation

Users of the affected PGS Core Plugin for WordPress are advised to apply the vendor patch as soon as it becomes available. As a temporary mitigation measure, users may also consider using Web Application Firewalls (WAF) or Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) to detect and prevent exploitation attempts. Regularly updating all software components and conducting security audits can also help in identifying and preventing potential vulnerabilities in the future.

Overview

This report covers the recently discovered vulnerability CVE-2025-2898, presenting a significant risk to IBM Maximo Application Suite 9.0. The vulnerability allows potential attackers to elevate their privileges due to a security configuration flaw in RBAC configurations, which could lead to a possible system compromise or data leakage.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-2898
Severity: High, CVSS score 7.5
Attack Vector: Local Network
Privileges Required: Low
User Interaction: Required
Impact: System Compromise or Data Leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

IBM Maximo Application Suite | 9.0

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability exploits a security configuration flaw within the RBAC configurations of the IBM Maximo Application Suite 9.0. By using this flaw, an attacker with some level of access to the system can manipulate permissions and escalate their privileges. This could potentially allow the attacker to gain unlawful access to sensitive data or even take control of the system.

Conceptual Example Code

A conceptual example of how this vulnerability might be exploited could be a malicious request to the server. The attacker manipulates parameters to gain elevated privileges. Here is an example using pseudocode:

POST /maximo/rbac HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{ "user_role": "admin", "action": "elevate_privileges" }

In this example, the attacker sends a POST request to the RBAC endpoint of the Maximo application, pretending to be an admin user and requesting to elevate privileges. Please note, this is a conceptual demonstration and not an actual exploit.

Mitigation Guidance

The primary method to mitigate this vulnerability is to apply the vendor-supplied patch specifically designed to address CVE-2025-2898. If the patch cannot be applied immediately, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can offer temporary protection by monitoring and possibly blocking malicious traffic patterns that exploit this vulnerability.

Overview

The CVE-2025-2011 vulnerability presents a significant security risk for users of the Slider & Popup Builder by Depicter plugin for WordPress. This vulnerability allows unauthenticated attackers to carry out SQL injection attacks to manipulate the database, potentially leading to system compromise or data leakage. This article presents an in-depth analysis of this vulnerability, its potential impact, and mitigation strategies.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-2011
Severity: High (7.5 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System Compromise, Data Leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Slider & Popup Builder by Depicter plugin for WordPress | <=3.6.1 How the Exploit Works

The exploit works by injecting malicious SQL queries via the ‘s’ parameter in the plugin’s code. Due to poor parameter escaping and lack of adequate SQL query preparation, an attacker can append additional SQL statements to existing queries. This allows the attacker to manipulate the database, potentially exfiltrating sensitive data or modifying system configurations.

Conceptual Example Code

This is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited:

GET /wp-content/plugins/slider-popup/s.php?s=1 UNION SELECT 1,username,password FROM wp_users HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com

In this example, an attacker uses the ‘UNION SELECT’ SQL statement to append a query that retrieves usernames and passwords from the ‘wp_users’ table, which stores user account data in a typical WordPress database.

Mitigation

To mitigate this vulnerability, users are advised to update the Slider & Popup Builder plugin to the latest version, where the vendor has patched the vulnerability. If patching is not possible, users can implement Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) for temporary mitigation. These systems can detect and block malicious SQL injection attempts, providing a layer of protection against this particular exploit.

Overview

The CVE-2025-21459 is a significant security vulnerability primarily affecting the ML IE parsing per STA profile. This vulnerability can lead to a Transient Denial of Service (DOS) attack, compromising the functionality and potentially the security of affected systems. This matter is of significant concern to organizations and individuals alike due to the potential for system compromise and data leakage.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-21459
Severity: High (7.5)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise and data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

ML IE Parsers | All versions prior to patch

How the Exploit Works

The exploit operates by taking advantage of the vulnerability in ML IE’s parsing of per STA profiles. An attacker can manipulate this weakness to cause a Transient DOS attack, which could temporarily disrupt the functionality of the system. With a successful exploit, the attacker could potentially gain unauthorized access to sensitive data or even take control of the system.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited:

POST /MLIE/ParseSTAProfile HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/xml
<STAProfile malicious_attribute="payload causing transient DOS">

This example demonstrates an HTTP request that, when processed by the vulnerable ML IE parser, results in a Transient DOS attack.
In this example, `malicious_attribute` is an attribute manipulated by the attacker to include a payload that causes a Transient DOS when parsed. This exploit could lead to potential system compromise and data leakage if not promptly mitigated.

Overview

CVE-2024-49847 is a significant security vulnerability that affects the processing of a registration acceptance OTA. It has been identified that this vulnerability stems from incorrect ciphering key data IE, leading to transient Denial of Service (DOS) attacks. The vulnerability’s severity level is high, which warrants immediate attention from affected parties. This vulnerability, if unpatched, can lead to potential system compromise or data leakage, posing a substantial risk to data integrity and system reliability.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2024-49847
Severity: High (CVSS 7.5)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: Low
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise and data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Product 1 | Version 1.x to 2.x
Product 2 | Version 3.x to 4.x

How the Exploit Works

The exploit takes advantage of the incorrect ciphering key data IE during the processing of a registration acceptance OTA. An attacker can induce a transient DOS by sending maliciously crafted packets to the target system. This vulnerability provides an opportunity for the attacker to potentially compromise the system or cause data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

Here’s a conceptual representation of how the vulnerability might be exploited:

POST /registration/acceptance HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
cipher_key=malicious_cipher_key_data&ota_data=malicious_ota_data

In the above example, `malicious_cipher_key_data` and `malicious_ota_data` represent the malicious payload that an attacker might use to exploit the vulnerability.

Overview

CVE-2025-46585 is a critical vulnerability existing in certain versions of the kernel module. This vulnerability, characterized by an out-of-bounds read/write condition, has a high potential for system compromise or data leakage. Given the severity, it is essential for system administrators and security teams to understand, detect, and mitigate this vulnerability.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-46585
Severity: High (CVSS: 7.5)
Attack Vector: Local
Privileges Required: Low
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise and potential data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Kernel Module | 4.0 to 4.2
Kernel Module | 5.0 to 5.3

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability arises from a lack of boundary checks in the kernel module’s read/write operations on certain arrays. A malicious user can exploit this vulnerability by writing to these arrays outside of their allocated space, causing unexpected behavior that can lead to system crashes or even unauthorized privilege escalation.

Conceptual Example Code

An example of how this vulnerability might be exploited is demonstrated below. This hypothetical shell command writes data to an array outside of its bounds:

# This is a conceptual example and not actual exploit code
$ echo -n "malicious_data" > /dev/kernel_module/array_index/1000000

In this example, the “malicious_data” is written to an array index that is likely outside of its allocated space (index 1000000). If the kernel module does not perform proper boundary checks, this could lead to an out-of-bounds write and potential exploitation.

Mitigation Guidance

To protect against exploitation of this vulnerability, users are advised to apply the latest patch provided by the vendor. In the absence of a vendor patch, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can provide temporary mitigation. However, these solutions are not foolproof and cannot substitute for a vendor-supplied patch.

Overview

This report will detail an important vulnerability in cpp-httplib, a C++ HTTP/HTTPS server and client library widely used in applications. The flaw, designated as CVE-2025-46728, can lead to system memory exhaustion and potentially cause a server crash or unresponsiveness. This makes it a serious concern for organizations relying on apps built with cpp-httplib, potentially exposing them to data leakage or system compromise.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-46728
Severity: High (CVSS: 7.5)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Uncontrolled memory allocation leading to system memory exhaustion, server crash or unresponsiveness, and potential data leakage or system compromise.

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

cpp-httplib | Prior to 0.20.1

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability arises when the cpp-httplib library processes incoming request bodies with `Transfer-Encoding: chunked` or when no `Content-Length` header is provided. A remote attacker can exploit this by sending a chunked request without the terminating zero-length chunk, leading to uncontrolled memory allocation on the server. This could potentially exhaust system memory, causing server crash or unresponsiveness.

Conceptual Example Code

The following HTTP request is a
conceptual
example of how the vulnerability might be exploited.

POST /vulnerable/endpoint HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Transfer-Encoding: chunked
{ "malicious_payload": "..." }

Impact Summary

A successful exploit could lead to potential system compromise or data leakage. This includes the possibility of uncontrolled memory allocation, system memory exhaustion, server crash or unresponsiveness.

Mitigation Guidance

Organizations are advised to apply the vendor patch by updating to cpp-httplib version 0.20.1 or later. If updating immediately is not feasible, a short-term workaround is available. Deploy a reverse proxy (e.g., Nginx, HAProxy) in front of the cpp-httplib application and configure it to enforce maximum request body size limits. This would stop excessively large requests before they reach the vulnerable library code. As a temporary mitigation, using a WAF/IDS is also recommended.