Author: Ameeba

Overview

This report addresses a significant vulnerability, CVE-2025-32455, found within the Quantenna Wi-Fi chipset. This particular vulnerability may allow attackers to inject malicious commands, potentially leading to system compromise or data leakage. Given the common use of this Wi-Fi chipset, the impact of this vulnerability could be widespread, affecting a significant number of devices and systems.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-32455
Severity: High (CVSS: 7.7)
Attack Vector: Local
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Quantenna Wi-Fi Chipset | Up to version 8.0.0.28

How the Exploit Works

The Quantenna Wi-Fi chipset includes a local control script, router_command.sh, which is used in the run_cmd argument. This script is vulnerable to command injection, an instance of CWE-88 or “Improper Neutralization of Argument Delimiters in a Command (‘Argument Injection’).” This vulnerability lets attackers execute arbitrary commands in the context of the script. Since the script doesn’t properly neutralize argument delimiters, an attacker can inject commands that the system runs with the same privileges as the script itself.

Conceptual Example Code

The following is a conceptual example of how this vulnerability might be exploited:

./router_command.sh '; rm -rf /' # This is a destructive command. DO NOT run.

In this example, the semicolon acts as a command delimiter, allowing the attacker to inject a secondary command (`rm -rf /`) that the system runs as if it were part of the original script. This particular command would delete all files within the system, demonstrating the potential severity of this vulnerability.

Mitigation Guidance

As of the time of this report, the vendor appears to have not yet patched this vulnerability. However, they’ve released a best practices guide for implementors of the chipset. In the interim period before a patch is available, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can help mitigate potential attacks. Once the vendor provides a patch, it should be applied immediately to all affected systems.

Overview

The vulnerability identified as CVE-2025-31053 refers to an improper limitation of a pathname to a restricted directory (also known as ‘Path Traversal’) in QuantumCloud’s KBx Pro Ultimate. It poses a significant threat to users of the software as it could potentially lead to system compromise or data leakage. Immediate attention is required to mitigate this vulnerability and secure the affected systems.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-31053
Severity: High (CVSS: 7.7)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: Low
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

QuantumCloud KBx Pro Ultimate | Up to version 7.9.8

How the Exploit Works

The exploit takes advantage of a Path Traversal vulnerability in QuantumCloud’s KBx Pro Ultimate. This flaw allows an attacker to access restricted directories and execute commands outside of the web server’s root directory. By constructing a specific input, an attacker can navigate through the file system to access sensitive data, which can lead to system compromise or data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

Here is a conceptual example of how this vulnerability could be exploited. This example represents a malicious HTTP request that targets the vulnerable endpoint:

GET /../etc/passwd HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com

In this example, the attacker is attempting to traverse to the “/etc/passwd” file, which stores user passwords in a Unix system.

Mitigation Guidance

Users are advised to immediately apply the vendor-provided patch to resolve the vulnerability. In the absence of a patch, or until it can be applied, a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can be used as a temporary mitigation measure.

Overview

This report details a significant vulnerability, CVE-2025-47779, found in various versions of Asterisk, an open-source private branch exchange (PBX) system. The vulnerability can potentially allow an authenticated attacker to spoof user identities and send spam messages by exploiting the misalignment in the MESSAGE authentication of Asterisk’s Session Initiation Protocol (SIP). This poses a serious threat to the integrity and confidentiality of communication systems using Asterisk, as it could enable social engineering and phishing attacks.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-47779
Severity: High (7.7 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: Low
User Interaction: None
Impact: Compromise of system integrity, potential data leakage, and possibility of spam, phishing, and social engineering attacks.

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Asterisk | Prior to 18.26.2, 20.14.1, 21.9.1, and 22.4.1
Certified-asterisk | Prior to 18.9-cert14 and 20.7-cert5

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability lies in the SIP MESSAGE authentication method in Asterisk. Due to improper alignment in the authentication process, an authenticated attacker can manipulate SIP requests of the type MESSAGE to spoof any user identity. By spoofing trusted entities, the attacker can send spam messages to users using their authorization tokens. This can lead to the abuse of user trust, enabling the attacker to launch phishing and social engineering attacks.

Conceptual Example Code

Here is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability could be exploited with a SIP MESSAGE request:

MESSAGE /vulnerable/endpoint SIP/2.0
Via: SIP/2.0/TCP attacker.com
From: "Spoofed User" <sip:spoofeduser@target.com>;tag=1928301774
To: <sip:victim@target.com>
Call-ID: 50000
CSeq: 1 MESSAGE
Content-Type: text/plain
Authorization: Digest username="attacker",realm="asterisk",nonce="...",uri="sip:spoofeduser@target.com",response="..."
Spam message or phishing link

Mitigation Guidance

Affected systems should apply the vendor-provided patch immediately. The patch is available in the following updated versions of Asterisk and Certified-asterisk: 18.26.2, 20.14.1, 21.9.1, and 22.4.1, and 18.9-cert14 and 20.7-cert5 respectively. As a temporary mitigation, use of a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can help detect and block malicious traffic. However, these are not long-term solutions, as the vulnerability is inherent to the system and needs to be patched.

Overview

The vulnerability, identified as CVE-2025-3937, represents a significant risk in the cybersecurity landscape. It affects the Tridium Niagara Framework and Enterprise Security on Windows, Linux, QNX platforms. The vulnerability lies in the use of password hash with insufficient computational effort, which permits cryptanalysis, potentially leading to system compromise or data leakage.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-3937
Severity: High (7.7 CVSS score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: Low
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Tridium Niagara Framework | Before 4.14.2, Before 4.15.1, Before 4.10.11
Tridium Niagara Enterprise Security | Before 4.14.2, Before 4.15.1, Before 4.10.11

How the Exploit Works

The CVE-2025-3937 vulnerability arises due to the use of a password hash with insufficient computational effort. An attacker can exploit this weakness to perform cryptanalysis, potentially gaining unauthorized access to the system or data. This could lead to potential system compromise or data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

Here’s a conceptual example of how this vulnerability might be exploited using a brute-force attack:

import itertools
import hashlib
# Assume we know the hash of the password
known_hash = "5f4dcc3b5aa765d61d8327deb882cf99"
# Brute force all possible combinations of alphanumerics up to a certain length
for length in range(1, 6):  # only try passwords of length 1 to 5
for guess in itertools.product("abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789", repeat=length):
guess = ''.join(guess)
if hashlib.md5(guess.encode()).hexdigest() == known_hash:
print("Password is", guess)
break

In this code, the attacker tries all possible combinations of alphanumeric characters of certain lengths, hashes them, and compares them to the known hash (which was obtained due to the vulnerability), effectively breaking the password.

Overview

This report details a significant vulnerability in itech iLabClient version 3.7.1, which is widely used for managing laboratory information. This vulnerability arises from reliance on a hard-coded key found in iLabClient.jar, creating a potential avenue for unauthorized data access and system compromise. Given the critical role of laboratory information management systems in various industries, this vulnerability presents a considerable risk that demands immediate attention.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2024-56429
Severity: High (CVSS: 7.7)
Attack Vector: Local
Privileges Required: Low
User Interaction: None
Impact: Unauthorized database access, potential system compromise, and data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

itech iLabClient | 3.7.1

How the Exploit Works

The exploitation of this vulnerability involves the use of the hard-coded key YngAYdgAE/kKZYu2F2wm6w== found in the iLabClient.jar file. An attacker with local access to the system can use this key to read from or write to the database. This action can lead to unauthorized access to sensitive data or even system compromise if the database is connected to other critical system components.

Conceptual Example Code

Given below is a
conceptual
example of how the vulnerability might be exploited using a simple Python script:

import sqlite3
from cryptography.fernet import Fernet
# Connect to the database
conn = sqlite3.connect('ilabclient.db')
# Create a cursor
c = conn.cursor()
# The hard-coded key found in iLabClient.jar
key = b'YngAYdgAE/kKZYu2F2wm6w=='
# Create a Fernet object with the hard-coded key
cipher_suite = Fernet(key)
# Select all data from the database
c.execute("SELECT * FROM sensitive_table")
# Fetch all rows from the last executed statement
rows = c.fetchall()
# Decrypt all data from the database
decrypted_data = [cipher_suite.decrypt(row) for row in rows]
# Print the decrypted data
for data in decrypted_data:
print(data)

The script connects to the database, selects all data from a hypothetical sensitive table, and then decrypts the data using the hard-coded key.

Recommendations for Mitigation

Users of itech iLabClient 3.7.1 are advised to apply the vendor patch immediately to mitigate this vulnerability. In the interim, employing a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can provide temporary mitigation against potential attacks exploiting this vulnerability.

Overview

The vulnerability identified as CVE-2025-48413 exposes critical system files `/etc/passwd` and `/etc/shadow` that contain hard-coded password hashes for the root user of the operating system. Any system running the affected software update is at risk, potentially leading to unauthorized access, system compromise, and data leakage. This vulnerability is of high concern due to its direct impact on the system’s integrity and confidentiality.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-48413
Severity: High (Score: 7.7)
Attack Vector: Network and Physical Access
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise and data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Operating System | OS Version with the affected update

How the Exploit Works

The exploit takes advantage of the hard-coded password hashes that are included in the operating system update files. An attacker can extract these password hashes from the `/etc/passwd` and `/etc/shadow` files and use them to gain unauthorized access to the device. The vulnerability can be exploited remotely via an SSH backdoor, or physically via UART shell access if the attacker has physical contact with the device.

Conceptual Example Code

The following is a simplified representation of how an attacker might exploit this vulnerability:

# Extract the password hashes
cat /etc/passwd | grep root
cat /etc/shadow | grep root
# Use the extracted hashes to log in as root
ssh root@target-device-ip

Mitigation and Recommendations

To mitigate the risk associated with this vulnerability, it is advised to apply the vendor’s patch once available. In the interim, a web application firewall (WAF) or intrusion detection system (IDS) should be used to detect and block any attempts to exploit this vulnerability. Furthermore, end users should be on the lookout for any suspicious activity on their devices and report it promptly to their IT department or software vendor.

Overview

The identified vulnerability CVE-2025-48391 exposes a critical security flaw in the JetBrains YouTrack application versions prior to 2025.1.76253. The flaw involves a missing permission check in the API, which could potentially allow unauthorized deletion of issues. The vulnerability is significant as it could lead to system compromise and data leakage.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-48391
Severity: High (CVSS: 7.7)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Unauthorized issue deletion, potential system compromise, and data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

JetBrains YouTrack | Before 2025.1.76253

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability exists due to the lack of proper permission checks in the API of JetBrains YouTrack. An attacker could exploit this flaw by sending a specifically crafted request to the API. The application would then process the request without verifying the required permissions, allowing the attacker to delete issues.

Conceptual Example Code

Here is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited. This is a HTTP request, where the attacker sends a DELETE request to the API endpoint responsible for issue management.

DELETE /api/issues/{issueId} HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
Authorization: Bearer {token}
{ "issueId": "12345" }

In this example, the attacker is trying to delete an issue with the ID of 12345 by sending a DELETE request to the `/api/issues/{issueId}` endpoint. The server processes the request without validating the permissions of the user, leading to unauthorized deletion of issues.

Mitigation Guidance

JetBrains has released a patch to address this vulnerability. Users are strongly advised to update their JetBrains YouTrack to version 2025.1.76253 or later. If unable to apply the patch immediately, users can implement a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) as a temporary mitigation measure to monitor and block malicious requests.

Overview

This report details a significant vulnerability, labeled CVE-2025-20008, that affects Intel(R) Simics(R) Package Manager versions prior to 1.12.0. This vulnerability could potentially allow a privileged user to escalate their privilege level, thereby compromising the system or even leading to data leakage. As such, this vulnerability is of crucial concern to Intel users and cybersecurity professionals alike.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-20008
Severity: High – CVSS Score 7.7
Attack Vector: Local
Privileges Required: High
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise and potential data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Intel(R) Simics(R) Package Manager | Before version 1.12.0

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability, CVE-2025-20008, is rooted in the insecure inherited permissions of some Intel(R) Simics(R) Package Manager software. A privileged user could potentially exploit these insecure permissions to escalate their privilege level via local access. This could then provide the user with unauthorized control over the system, potentially leading to system compromise or data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

While the exact details of exploitation are not provided, a conceptual example may look like this:

# The attacker, already having high-level permissions, accesses the insecure files
cd /path/to/insecure/files
# The attacker modifies the file permissions, escalating their own privileges
chmod 777 target_file
# Now with escalated privileges, they can execute commands or access data they shouldn't
./target_file --execute_unauthorized_command

Please note that this is a conceptual example and the actual exploit may differ significantly.

Overview

The vulnerability CVE-2025-29833 is a critical security flaw in the Windows Virtual Machine Bus that allows an unauthorized attacker to exploit a time-of-check time-of-use (TOCTOU) race condition. This vulnerability affects all systems that use the Windows Virtual Machine Bus. Given the widespread use of Windows systems across organizations globally, this vulnerability could potentially lead to significant security breaches if left unaddressed.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-29833
Severity: High (7.7 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Local
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Windows Virtual Machine Bus | All versions prior to patch

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability exploits a time-of-check time-of-use (TOCTOU) race condition in the Windows Virtual Machine Bus. In a TOCTOU race condition, an attacker could potentially alter the state of the system between the time it is checked and the time it is used for some operation. In this case, this window of opportunity could allow an unauthorized attacker to execute arbitrary code locally, potentially leading to system compromise or data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

The following is a conceptual example of how this vulnerability might be exploited:

# Assuming an attacker has local access to the virtual machine
# Time-of-check
if (Check_VM_Bus_State() == SAFE) {
# Time-of-use
# In between these two operations, an attacker alters the state
Execute_Code_In_VM_Bus("malicious_code.exe");
}

In this conceptual example, the attacker takes advantage of the time window between the check and the use of the Virtual Machine Bus to execute a malicious code.
Please note that this is a simplified representation and actual exploitation would be more complex and require in-depth knowledge of the system’s architecture and the Windows Virtual Machine Bus.

Overview

This report explores the CVE-2025-43011 vulnerability, a significant security flaw impacting the SAP Landscape Transformation’s PCL Basis module. It poses a serious risk to organizations using the affected software, potentially leading to unauthorized access to restricted functionalities and data, and subsequent system compromise or data leakage.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-43011
Severity: High (7.7 CVSS)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: Low
User Interaction: None
Impact: Unauthorized access to restricted functionalities and data, potential system compromise, and data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

SAP Landscape Transformation | PCL Basis module

How the Exploit Works

The CVE-2025-43011 vulnerability stems from the failure of SAP Landscape Transformation’s PCL Basis module to perform necessary authorization checks under certain conditions. This allows authenticated users to gain access to restricted functions and data they would normally be prohibited from accessing. The flaw can be exploited over a network without user interaction and only requires a low level of privileges.

Conceptual Example Code

While specific exploit code cannot be provided due to ethical considerations and to prevent misuse, a conceptual example of an exploitation attempt could involve a malicious API request, similar to the following:

POST /restricted/functionality HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{ "unauthorized_request": "attempt to access restricted data" }

In this simplified example, the malicious actor attempts to access restricted functionalities or data by sending a POST request to the server hosting the SAP software. The request targets a specific endpoint associated with the restricted functionality or data.

Recommendations for Mitigation

The preferred mitigation strategy is to apply the vendor’s patch once it is available. In the interim, organizations could also utilize a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) to monitor and potentially block malicious network traffic attempting to exploit this vulnerability.