Author: Ameeba

Overview

The cybersecurity community has recently identified a notable vulnerability in the “Proxy” functionality of the ctrlX OS web application. This vulnerability, known as CVE-2025-24346, presents a threat to users who have authenticated access to the system, offering low-level attackers the opportunity to manipulate the system’s “/etc/environment” file through a specially crafted HTTP request. This could potentially lead to system compromise or data leakage.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-24346
Severity: High (7.5 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: Low
User Interaction: Required
Impact: System compromise and potential data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

ctrlX OS | All versions prior to patch

How the Exploit Works

The exploit takes advantage of the “Proxy” functionality in the ctrlX OS web application. A remote attacker with authenticated access to the system can craft a specific HTTP request that, when processed by the application, results in the manipulation of the “/etc/environment” file. This action can alter the system behaviors or potentially leak sensitive data.

Conceptual Example Code

Here is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited:

POST /proxy/endpoint HTTP/1.1
Host: target.ctrlx-os.com
Content-Type: application/json
Authorization: Bearer [User's Authenticated Token]
{ "target_file": "/etc/environment", "alteration": "malicious_change" }

This request, when processed by the vulnerable application, would result in the “/etc/environment” file being manipulated as per the attacker’s intentions.

Mitigation Strategies

Users are strongly advised to apply the vendor patch as soon as it becomes available. Until then, the use of a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can serve as temporary mitigation, helping to monitor and block any potentially malicious HTTP requests.

Overview

CVE-2025-30202 is a critical vulnerability affecting vLLM, a high-throughput and memory-efficient inference and serving engine. It exposes the system to potential denial of service (DoS) attacks and data leakage via ZeroMQ in multi-node vLLM deployment. This vulnerability poses a significant threat to all entities utilizing vLLM versions from 0.5.2 and prior to 0.8.5. It is noteworthy due to its potential to compromise system integrity and confidentiality.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-30202
Severity: High (7.5)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise and data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

vLLM | 0.5.2 to 0.8.4

How the Exploit Works

In a multi-node vLLM deployment, vLLM makes use of ZeroMQ for certain multi-node communication functions. The primary vLLM host opens an XPUB ZeroMQ socket and binds it to all interfaces. While the socket is typically opened for a multi-node deployment, it is only utilized when conducting tensor parallelism across multiple hosts.
Any client with network access to this host can connect to this XPUB socket unless its port is blocked by a firewall. Once connected, these arbitrary clients will receive all of the same data broadcasted to all of the secondary vLLM hosts. This data is internal vLLM state information that is not useful to an attacker. However, by potentially connecting to this socket many times and not reading the data published to them, an attacker can cause a DoS attack by slowing down or potentially blocking the publisher.

Conceptual Example Code

The following conceptual code represents how an attacker might continuously connect to the XPUB socket without reading the data, leading to potential DoS:

import zmq
context = zmq.Context()
socket = context.socket(zmq.SUB)
socket.connect("tcp://target_host:target_port")
while True:
# Continuously connect without reading the data
socket.recv_string(flags=zmq.NOBLOCK)

Overview

CVE-2024-57698 is a critical cybersecurity vulnerability affecting the modernwms v.1.0 software. It exposes the MD5 hash of the administrator password and other sensitive attributes to potential attackers without the need for authentication. This vulnerability poses a serious threat to all systems using modernwms v.1.0, leading to potential system compromise or data leakage if exploited.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2024-57698
Severity: High (CVSS: 7.5)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Unauthorized access to sensitive data, potential system compromise

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

modernwms | v.1.0

How the Exploit Works

The exploit works by making a simple unauthenticated HTTP request to the /user/list?culture=en-us endpoint of the modernwms system. This endpoint fails to enforce adequate access control, allowing the attacker to view sensitive data, including the MD5 hash of the administrator password.

Conceptual Example Code

An example of how this vulnerability might be exploited is shown below:

GET /user/list?culture=en-us HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com

Upon executing this request, the attacker would receive a response containing the MD5 hash of the administrator password and other sensitive attributes.

Mitigation Guidance

To mitigate this vulnerability, users of modernwms v.1.0 should apply the vendor’s patch as soon as it becomes available. In the meantime, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can serve as a temporary mitigation measure.

Overview

The CVE-2025-30194 vulnerability pertains to DNSdist, a highly DNS, DoS, and abuse-aware load balancer. When configured to provide DNS over HTTPS (DoH) via the nghttp2 provider, it is susceptible to an attack that can trigger an illegal memory access (double-free) and crash of DNSdist. This results in a denial of service, potentially compromising the system or leading to data leakage. It’s of critical importance due to its high severity score and the potential for system-wide impacts.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-30194
Severity: High (7.5 CVSS score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

DNSdist | All versions before 1.9.9

How the Exploit Works

The exploit works by an attacker crafting a DNS over HTTPS (DoH) exchange that triggers an illegal memory access (double-free) in DNSdist. This causes a crash of DNSdist, leading to a denial of service. This can potentially compromise the system or lead to data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

Given that the nature of this exploit is DNS-based and not typically linked with a distinct payload, a conceptual example of how this vulnerability might be exploited is not straightforward. However, the attack would likely involve a maliciously crafted DNS query sent over HTTPS, which would be designed to trigger the illegal memory access.

POST /dns-query HTTP/1.1
Host: vulnerable-dnsdist.example.com
Content-Type: application/dns-message
{ "malicious_dns_query": "..." }

Remediation

The recommended remediation is to upgrade DNSdist to the patched version 1.9.9. As a temporary workaround, users can switch to the h2o provider until DNSdist has been upgraded to a fixed version. Alternatively, apply a vendor patch or use a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) as temporary mitigation.

Overview

CVE-2025-32470 represents a significant vulnerability that can allow a remote, unauthenticated attacker to manipulate the IP address of the device, consequently disrupting its availability. This vulnerability poses a direct threat to businesses and individual users alike, as it can potentially compromise system integrity, resulting in potential data leakage.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-32470
Severity: High (7.5 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise, potential data leakage due to unauthorized IP address change.

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Device Firmware | Version 1.0 to 1.4.7

How the Exploit Works

An attacker exploiting this vulnerability would send specially crafted network packets to the device. These packets deceive the device into changing its own IP address. This disruption in the network address can cause the device to become unavailable or behave unpredictably, potentially leading to system compromise or data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a conceptual example of how the exploit might work. This example illustrates how an attacker could potentially manipulate a device’s IP address using a malicious HTTP POST request:

POST /api/device HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{ "ip_address": "192.0.2.0" }

In this example, the attacker sends a POST request to the device’s API endpoint, providing a new IP address (`192.0.2.0`). The device, upon receiving this request, changes its IP address, thereby allowing the attacker to disrupt its availability.

Mitigation Guidance

Users are advised to apply the latest vendor-supplied patches for their devices. In case patches are not available, users should implement a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) as a temporary mitigation measure to monitor and block malicious traffic. Regularly updating and maintaining security infrastructure is paramount in preventing such vulnerabilities from being exploited.

Overview

The vulnerability CVE-2025-32986 is a serious cybersecurity threat affecting NETSCOUT nGeniusONE versions before 6.4.0 b2350. It allows unauthorized access to sensitive files, potentially leading to system compromise or data leakage. This report will provide a detailed analysis of the vulnerability, its impacts, and methods for mitigation.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-32986
Severity: High (CVSS: 7.5)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise and potential data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

NETSCOUT nGeniusONE | Before 6.4.0 b2350

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability stems from a lack of proper authentication checks on certain endpoints in the nGeniusONE system. An attacker can send a specially crafted request to these vulnerable endpoints to gain unauthorized access to sensitive files. This can lead to a potential system compromise and data leakage if the files contain sensitive information.

Conceptual Example Code

Here is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited:

GET /sensitive-file-endpoint HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com

This is a simple HTTP GET request that an attacker could potentially use to access a sensitive file without proper authentication. The actual exploit would likely involve more complex interactions and manipulation of the request parameters to bypass any existing security controls and access the desired file.

Recommended Mitigation

To mitigate this vulnerability, users are advised to update their NETSCOUT nGeniusONE systems to version 6.4.0 b2350 or later, where the issue has been resolved. If this is not possible, a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can be used as a temporary mitigation measure. These systems can monitor and limit access to the vulnerable endpoints until the software can be updated.

Overview

The identified vulnerability, CVE-2025-32983, affects NETSCOUT nGeniusONE versions prior to 6.4.0 b2350. This flaw allows potential attackers to gain access to technical information through a stack trace, which could lead to system compromise or data leakage. This vulnerability is particularly concerning due to the high severity score and the potential damage it could cause if exploited.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-32983
Severity: High (CVSS: 7.5)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

NETSCOUT nGeniusONE | versions prior to 6.4.0 b2350

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability resides in the implementation of error handling within the nGeniusONE. When specific errors are triggered, the system responds with a stack trace that includes sensitive technical information. An attacker could leverage this detailed information to understand the underlying architecture and potentially identify other vulnerabilities or weak points in the system, leading to a possible system compromise or data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited. This could be done using a specially crafted HTTP request to trigger an error and obtain the stack trace information:

GET /trigger/error HTTP/1.1
Host: vulnerable.netscout.example.com

Upon receiving the response, the attacker would analyze the stack trace to collect sensitive information for potential exploits. Please note that this is a simplified example and actual exploitation might require a more complex approach.

Mitigation Guidance

Affected users are strongly advised to apply the vendor patch as soon as possible. As a temporary mitigation, the use of a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can help to monitor and block potential exploit attempts.

Overview

The CVE-2025-32982 is a critical vulnerability found in NETSCOUT nGeniusONE versions before 6.4.0 b2350. This vulnerability resides in the report module of the application and is due to a broken authorization schema. If exploited, this vulnerability could lead to system compromise or data leakage, posing a serious threat to users and organizations relying on the affected versions of this software.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-32982
Severity: High (7.5)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: Low
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

NETSCOUT nGeniusONE | Before 6.4.0 b2350

How the Exploit Works

The exploit takes advantage of the broken authorization schema in the report module of nGeniusONE. An attacker can bypass the authorization checks, enabling them to access sensitive data and potentially compromise the system. This could be done by sending specially crafted network requests to the affected module.

Conceptual Example Code

Here’s a conceptual example illustrating how an attacker might exploit this vulnerability:

GET /report/12345 HTTP/1.1
Host: vulnerable-host.example.com
Authorization: Bearer compromised-token

In this example, an attacker uses a compromised token to access restricted report data.
Please note that this is a conceptual example for illustrative purposes only and may not represent the actual exploit code.

Mitigation

Users are advised to apply the vendor-provided patch to mitigate this vulnerability. If patching is not immediately possible, a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can be used as a temporary measure to detect and block exploitation attempts. Regularly review and update security configurations to ensure the highest protection level against such vulnerabilities.

Overview

A critical vulnerability has been discovered in Moodle, a widely used learning management system. This vulnerability, designated CVE-2025-32044, allows unauthenticated users to extract sensitive user data. The potential impact ranges from unauthorized data access to potential system compromise, making this issue a top priority for administrators and developers working with Moodle.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-32044
Severity: High (CVSS: 7.5)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Unauthorized access to sensitive data, potential system compromise

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Moodle | All versions prior to patch

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability occurs due to the mishandling of specific API calls on certain Moodle sites. Unauthenticated users can trigger a stack trace which inadvertently leaks sensitive user data. This includes names, contact information, and hashed passwords. Sites with PHP configured with zend.exception_ignore_args = 1 in the php.ini file are not affected.

Conceptual Example Code

The vulnerability could potentially be exploited with a malicious HTTP request like the following:

GET /api/v1/userdata HTTP/1.1
Host: vulnerable.moodlesite.com

The above is a conceptual example and the actual exploit may vary based on the specific site configuration, the attacker’s knowledge, and other factors.

Mitigation and Remediation

The recommended mitigation is to apply the vendor’s patch as soon as possible. If the patch cannot be applied immediately, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can offer temporary mitigation. Additionally, sites configured with zend.exception_ignore_args = 1 in the php.ini file are not affected by this vulnerability.

Overview

The Mayosis Core plugin for WordPress, a popular plugin used by many WordPress sites, is now under threat from a newly discovered vulnerability, CVE-2025-1565. This vulnerability could allow unauthenticated attackers to read the contents of arbitrary files on the server, leading to potential system compromise or data leakage, making it a significant cybersecurity concern.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-1565
Severity: High (7.5 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise, sensitive data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Mayosis Core WordPress plugin | All versions up to and including 5.4.1

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability resides in the library/wave-audio/peaks/remote_dl.php file of the Mayosis Core plugin. An unauthenticated attacker can send a malicious request to this file and exploit the Arbitrary File Read vulnerability. This allows the attacker to read the contents of arbitrary files on the server, which may include sensitive information.

Conceptual Example Code

A conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited is shown below. By sending a HTTP GET request to the vulnerable file, an attacker could potentially access sensitive data.

GET /wp-content/plugins/mayosis-core/library/wave-audio/peaks/remote_dl.php?file=../../../../../wp-config.php HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com

Mitigation Guidance

Users are advised to apply the vendor patch once it becomes available. In the meantime, a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can be used as temporary mitigation. By blocking or closely monitoring traffic to the affected file (remote_dl.php), these systems can help prevent exploitation of this vulnerability.