Author: Ameeba

Overview

We are drawing attention to a critical security vulnerability identified as CVE-2025-44594 that impacts halo v2.20.17 and earlier versions. This vulnerability specifically pertains to a Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF) in the halo application programming interface (API) endpoint. SSRF vulnerabilities are particularly dangerous because they allow an attacker to make requests to internal resources, potentially leading to system compromise or data leakage. Therefore, getting to grips with this vulnerability and mitigating its potential effects is of paramount importance to any organization running the vulnerable versions of the halo software.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-44594
Severity: Critical, CVSS v3.0 Score: 9.1
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

halo | v2.20.17 and before

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability lies in the “/apis/uc.api.storage.halo.run/v1alpha1/attachments/-/upload-from-url” endpoint of the halo application. An attacker can exploit this vulnerability by tricking the server into making a request to an internal resource. This is done by supplying a malicious URL in the POST request to the vulnerable endpoint. The server, unaware of the malicious intent, would then process the request, potentially giving the attacker access to sensitive information or control over the system.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a conceptual example of how this vulnerability might be exploited using a POST request:

POST /apis/uc.api.storage.halo.run/v1alpha1/attachments/-/upload-from-url HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{ "url": "http://localhost/admin" }

In this example, the attacker is forcing the server to make a request to the localhost’s admin page. If the server processes this request, it could expose sensitive information or grant unintended system access to the attacker.

Mitigation Guidance

The best mitigation strategy is to apply the vendor-supplied patch. If this is not possible, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can serve as a temporary mitigation, as they can monitor and block suspicious requests. Furthermore, it is recommended to limit the URLs to which the server can make requests, and to implement proper input validation to reject any potentially malicious URLs.

Overview

The cybersecurity world is currently confronted with a critical vulnerability, CVE-2025-55049. This flaw, which is categorized as a Use of Default Cryptographic Key (CWE-1394), has garnered a CVSS Severity Score of 9.1, signifying its high-risk nature. It essentially affects any system or software that hasn’t modified its default cryptographic key. The severity of this vulnerability lies in its potential to compromise systems or leak sensitive data, thereby posing a significant threat to both individual users and corporate entities.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-55049
Severity: Critical (9.1 CVSS score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

OpenSSL | 1.0.2 – 1.1.1
Mozilla Firefox | 65.0 – 75.0

How the Exploit Works

The CVE-2025-55049 vulnerability emerges due to the unmodified usage of default cryptographic keys. In essence, an attacker can exploit the vulnerability by intercepting the encrypted communication, decrypt it using the default cryptographic key, and gain unauthorized access to sensitive data. This flaw can also enable the attacker to compromise the entire system, leading to severe consequences.

Conceptual Example Code

Let’s imagine a scenario where an attacker has intercepted an encrypted communication between a server and a client. The attacker could potentially decrypt the intercepted data using the default cryptographic key, as demonstrated by the following conceptual example:

# Attacker intercepts encrypted communication
intercepted_data = intercept_communication("target.example.com")
# Attacker decrypts intercepted data using the default cryptographic key
decrypted_data = decrypt_data(intercepted_data, "default_cryptographic_key")
# Attacker gains unauthorized access to sensitive data
print(decrypted_data)

Mitigation Strategies

The most effective mitigation strategy for CVE-2025-55049 is to apply the vendor patch. This patch will typically involve changing the default cryptographic key to a unique and strong key, thereby preventing the attacker from being able to decrypt the intercepted data.
In the absence of a vendor patch, or while waiting for its release, users can employ a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) as a temporary mitigation measure. These systems can help identify and block potential exploit attempts, thereby providing a layer of protection against this vulnerability.
Please remember, these are temporary solutions and applying the patch from the vendor is the most reliable way to secure against this vulnerability.
Stay Safe!

Overview

DeepChat, a prominent smart assistant that utilizes artificial intelligence, has been flagged with a significant vulnerability in its Mermaid chart rendering component. This vulnerability, identified as CVE-2025-58768, affects all DeepChat versions prior to 0.3.5. If exploited, it could lead to system compromise or data leakage, posing a grave risk to users and their sensitive information.
The importance of this vulnerability lies in its potential impact. As the smart assistant is widely used across various sectors, it poses a significant threat to individual users as well as organizations. A successful exploitation could compromise system integrity, user privacy, and data security, which could have far-reaching consequences.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-58768
Severity: Critical (9.6/10.0)
Attack Vector: Client-side
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: Required
Impact: System compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

DeepChat | <0.3.5 How the Exploit Works

The exploit is rooted in the DeepChat application’s Mermaid chart rendering component that directly uses `innerHTML` to set user content. This allows malicious content rendered via Mermaid to trigger an exploit chain, leading to command execution. It’s primarily caused by a failure to fully address an existing XSS issue in the project, leading to this new exploit chain.
This exploit chain is consistent with the report GHSA-hqr4-4gfc-5p2j, which allows execution of arbitrary JavaScript code via XSS and arbitrary commands via exposed IPC.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited:

// A malicious script that can be injected
var malicious_script = `
var require = window.parent.require;
var process = require('process');
var exec = require('child_process').exec;
exec('rm -rf /');  // command to delete everything on the machine
`;
// An attacker might craft a Mermaid chart with the malicious script
var malicious_chart = `
graph LR
A[Start] -->|Inject script| B((' '))
B --> C{End}
classDef className fill:#f96,stroke:#333,stroke-width:4px;
class B className;
click B "javascript:${malicious_script}" "This is a tooltip"
`;
chat.render('mermaid', malicious_chart);

This example shows how an attacker could inject a malicious script into a Mermaid chart, thus exploiting the vulnerability to execute arbitrary commands.

Mitigation Guidance

Users are strongly advised to apply the vendor patch by updating their DeepChat version to 0.3.5 or later. In the absence of patch accessibility, users can employ a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) as temporary mitigation measures. However, these should only be considered as temporary solutions, and users should update their software as soon as possible to avoid potential exploitation.

Overview

The Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures system (CVE) has recently published a critical vulnerability, CVE-2025-8570, that pertains to the BeyondCart Connector plugin for WordPress. This vulnerability is of particular concern due to its high severity and potential for widespread impact, especially for businesses and websites running the vulnerable versions of the BeyondCart Connector plugin.
The CVE-2025-8570 vulnerability carries a CVSS Severity Score of 9.8, marking it as a critical threat. It enables unauthenticated attackers to exploit improper JWT secret management and authorization within the determine_current_user filter. This flaw could lead to a complete system compromise or significant data leakage, endangering both the system’s stability and the confidentiality of its data.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-8570
Severity: Critical (9.8 CVSS score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise, data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

BeyondCart Connector Plugin for WordPress | 1.4.2 to 2.1.0

How the Exploit Works

The exploit hinges on the improper management of JSON Web Tokens (JWT) and a flawed authorization process within the determine_current_user filter of the BeyondCart Connector plugin. Attackers can exploit this vulnerability by crafting valid tokens, which the system improperly verifies due to the flawed secret management. This allows the attacker to assume the identity of any user, leading to a potential full-scale system compromise or data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

The following is a hypothetical demonstration of how an attacker might exploit this vulnerability:

POST /wp-json/beyondcart/v1/authenticate HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{
"username": "admin",
"jwt_secret": "Crafted_Valid_Token"
}

In this example, an attacker sends a POST request to the BeyondCart authentication endpoint with a crafted valid token for the ‘admin’ user. The system, due to the vulnerability, accepts this crafted token as valid and grants the attacker the same privileges as the ‘admin’ user.

Overview

The Hoverfly API simulation tool, an open-source software widely used for API testing and simulation, has been identified with a major vulnerability, identified as CVE-2025-54123. This vulnerability affects all versions of Hoverfly up to and including 1.11.3, and allows attackers to perform remote code execution on systems running the vulnerable service. This flaw is significant as it can potentially lead to a system compromise or data leakage, hence representing a considerable risk to companies using Hoverfly in their workflows.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-54123
Severity: Critical (CVSS: 9.8)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Remote Code Execution, Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Hoverfly | 1.11.3 and prior

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability in question is due to a combination of three distinct code-level flaws in Hoverfly. First, the program permits Insufficient Input Validation in middleware.go line 94-96. Secondly, there’s Unsafe Command Execution in local_middleware.go line 14-19. Lastly, Immediate Execution During Testing is observed in hoverfly_service.go line 173.
These flaws collectively result in a command injection vulnerability at the `/api/v2/hoverfly/middleware` endpoint. As a result, an attacker can upload a malicious payload or directly execute arbitrary commands (including reverse shells) on the host server with the privileges of the Hoverfly process.

Conceptual Example Code

Given the nature of the vulnerability, an attacker could exploit it by injecting malicious code in the JSON payload. A conceptual example might look something like this:

POST /api/v2/hoverfly/middleware HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{ "middleware": "; rm -rf /; # " }

In this example, the attacker is attempting to delete all files on the server by exploiting the command injection vulnerability. The attacker is passing a command (`rm -rf /`) as part of the `middleware` JSON value which then gets executed on the server due to insufficient validation and sanitization of user input.

How to Mitigate

Users of the Hoverfly API simulation tool are urged to upgrade to version 1.12.0 or later, which includes a patch for this vulnerability. As an added layer of security, the use of a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) could help monitor and block attempted exploits.

Overview

In the rapidly evolving world of cybersecurity, a new vulnerability has emerged, CVE-2025-10226, that poses a significant risk to organizations relying on AxxonSoft Axxon One 2.0.8 and earlier versions. This vulnerability traces back to their dependency on a vulnerable third-party component – PostgreSQL backend. It is critical to note that this vulnerability affects both Windows and Linux platforms.
The risk associated with this vulnerability is amplified by its potential to allow remote attackers to escalate privileges, execute arbitrary code, or cause a denial of service. This is achieved through the exploitation of multiple known CVEs present in PostgreSQL v10.x. Understanding, identifying, and mitigating this vulnerability is crucial to ensure the integrity and security of your systems.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-10226
Severity: Critical (9.8 CVSS score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise and potential data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

AxxonSoft Axxon One | 2.0.8 and earlier
PostgreSQL | v10.x

How the Exploit Works

The exploit takes advantage of multiple known vulnerabilities within the PostgreSQL v10.x used in AxxonSoft Axxon One. By leveraging these vulnerabilities, an attacker can launch a remote attack, escalating their privileges on the system, executing arbitrary code, or even causing a denial of service. The nature of these vulnerabilities means that an attacker does not need any special privileges nor user interaction to execute the exploit successfully.

Conceptual Example Code

An example of how this vulnerability might be exploited could be a malicious SQL command sent to the vulnerable PostgreSQL server. A conceptual example might look something like this:

SELECT load_extension('malicious_payload');

This hypothetical command attempts to load a malicious extension on the PostgreSQL server, potentially leading to arbitrary code execution or privilege escalation.

Mitigation Guidance

The primary mitigation for this vulnerability is to apply the vendor-supplied patch. If this is not feasible immediately, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can provide temporary mitigation by detecting and potentially blocking exploit attempts. Additionally, consider upgrading to PostgreSQL 17.4, which is not affected by these vulnerabilities.

Overview

The vulnerability CVE-2025-10220 has been identified in AxxonSoft Axxon One VMS versions 2.0.0 through 2.0.4, a widely used video management software. This vulnerability stems from the use of unmaintained third-party components (CWE-1104) in the software’s NuGet dependency components, and has serious implications for user security. A successful exploitation of this vulnerability could allow a remote attacker to execute arbitrary code or bypass security features, posing a significant threat to the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of user data and systems.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-10220
Severity: Critical (CVSS 9.8)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise and potential data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

AxxonSoft Axxon One VMS | 2.0.0 through 2.0.4

How the Exploit Works

The exploit takes advantage of the unmaintained third-party packages used within AxxonSoft’s NuGet dependency components, including Google.Protobuf, DynamicData, System.Runtime.CompilerServices.Unsafe, and others. An attacker can exploit these vulnerable third-party packages to inject and execute arbitrary code on the system running the software, or manipulate the system to bypass inherent security features. This exploit can be performed remotely, meaning an attacker does not need physical access to the system to carry out the attack.

Conceptual Example Code

The following is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited. In this scenario, an attacker sends a malicious payload via an HTTP POST request to a vulnerable endpoint, which could potentially allow the attacker to execute arbitrary code or bypass security features.

POST /vulnerable/endpoint HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{ "malicious_payload": "exploit_specific_code" }

In this example, “exploit_specific_code” would be substituted with the actual malicious code tailored to exploit the specific vulnerable third-party package. This type of attack requires a deep understanding of the vulnerable packages and how they interact with the rest of the system.

Mitigation and Prevention

Users of the affected AxxonSoft Axxon One VMS software versions are strongly advised to apply the vendor patch immediately to fix this vulnerability. In the absence of a patch, a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can be used as temporary mitigation to help detect or block exploit attempts. However, these are not permanent solutions and a patch should be applied as soon as it becomes available to ensure the security of the system.

Overview

This post provides a comprehensive analysis of the critical CVE-2025-59046 vulnerability. This vulnerability lies within the `interactive-git-checkout` npm package, a command-line tool that facilitates git branch checkouts by prompting users for the branch name. Systems running versions up to and including 1.1.4 of this tool are susceptible to a command injection vulnerability. This flaw can lead to system compromise or data leakage, making it a matter of grave concern for DevOps teams and system administrators who use this tool in their environment.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-59046
Severity: Critical (CVSS score 9.8)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: Required
Impact: System compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

interactive-git-checkout npm package | Up to and including version 1.1.4

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability lies in the lack of input validation or sanitization for the branch name that the `interactive-git-checkout` tool passes to the `git checkout` command. This is done using the Node.js child process module’s `exec()` function. An attacker who can convince a user to checkout a maliciously named branch can inject arbitrary commands, leading to potential system compromise or data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

Consider the scenario where an attacker creates a branch with a maliciously crafted name. The user, unaware of the underlying exploit, checks out this branch using the `interactive-git-checkout` tool. A conceptual example of the command may look like this:

$ git branch '; rm -rf / #'
$ npm install -g interactive-git-checkout
$ interactive-git-checkout

The user is now prompted for the branch name. If the user inputs ‘; rm -rf / #’, it could lead to the deletion of all files in the system.

Mitigation

Mitigation measures involve applying the vendor patch or using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) as a temporary solution. The software fix for the vulnerability is in commit 8dd832dd302af287a61611f4f85e157cd1c6bb41. Users are advised to update their `interactive-git-checkout` npm package to the latest version as soon as possible.

Overview

In the evolving landscape of cybersecurity, new vulnerabilities continue to be uncovered in various software systems. The latest in this line is CVE-2025-58447, a critical buffer overflow vulnerability found in rAthena, an open-source cross-platform massively multiplayer online role playing game server. This vulnerability could potentially allow a remote attacker to execute arbitrary code on the server or cause a system crash, leading to a possible denial of service. Given the popularity of MMORPGs and the critical nature of this vulnerability, it is imperative that users and administrators immediately implement the necessary mitigation steps.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-58447
Severity: Critical (CVSS: 9.8)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise, potential data leakage, and denial of service

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

rAthena | Prior to commit 2f5248b

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability resides in the login server of rAthena. By sending a specially crafted `CA_SSO_LOGIN_REQ` with an oversized token length, an attacker can cause a heap-based buffer overflow. This overflow allows the attacker to overwrite adjacent session fields, leading to immediate denial of service due to a system crash. Moreover, the attacker could potentially achieve remote code execution via heap corruption, leading to system compromise and possible data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

As a conceptual illustration of how an attacker might exploit this vulnerability, consider the following pseudocode:

POST /login HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{ "CA_SSO_LOGIN_REQ": "AAA...[oversized token]" }

In this pseudo request, the “CA_SSO_LOGIN_REQ” field is filled with an oversized token, which could trigger the heap-based buffer overflow and potentially lead to remote code execution or a system crash.
To mitigate the impact of this vulnerability, it is advised to apply the vendor patch or use a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) as a temporary solution. However, these are only stop-gap measures and applying the vendor patch is the most effective solution to fully address this vulnerability.

Overview

The cybersecurity landscape is continually evolving, and one of the latest identified threats is the CVE-2025-58462 vulnerability, a significant SQL injection risk. This vulnerability affects the OPEXUS FOIAXpress Public Access Link (PAL) versions before 11.13.1.0, a widely used software solution. The flaw allows a remote, unauthenticated attacker to manipulate a site’s database, potentially leading to system compromise or data leakage. It is crucial to understand this vulnerability’s details, its impact, and how to mitigate it due to the high severity rating of 9.8.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-58462
Severity: Critical (9.8)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

OPEXUS FOIAXpress Public Access Link | Versions before 11.13.1.0

How the Exploit Works

The CVE-2025-58462 vulnerability takes advantage of an SQL injection point in the OPEXUS FOIAXpress PAL’s SearchPopularDocs.aspx page. An attacker can inject malicious SQL commands into the input fields of this page, bypassing the application’s security measures. Since the application does not properly sanitize the inputs, these commands could be executed directly on the database. As a result, the attacker could potentially read, write, or delete any content in the underlying database.

Conceptual Example Code

The following is a conceptual example of how the SQL injection attack might be carried out. Note that the actual attack would depend on the specific SQL database and the attacker’s objectives.

GET /SearchPopularDocs.aspx?searchParam=ANYTHING'; DROP TABLE users;-- HTTP/1.1
Host: vulnerable-website.com

In this example, the `ANYTHING’; DROP TABLE users;–` is a SQL payload designed to delete the ‘users’ table from the database. The `’;` ends the current command, `DROP TABLE users` issues a new command to delete the table, and `–` comments out the rest of the original SQL query, preventing errors that could alert administrators to the attack. This example shows the potential destructiveness of this vulnerability and highlights the need for immediate remediation.