Author: Ameeba

Overview

This report covers a significant vulnerability found in Rack, a modular Ruby web server interface. The flaw, identified as CVE-2025-59830, is a parameter count limit bypass vulnerability that may lead to increased CPU and memory consumption, potentially causing a denial of service. This vulnerability is of importance to all businesses and individuals using affected versions of Rack, as it poses a risk to system stability and data security.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-59830
Severity: High (CVSS: 7.5)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage due to increased CPU and memory consumption

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Rack | Prior to 2.2.18

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability lies in the Rack::QueryParser module which enforces its params_limit only for parameters separated by &, while it should also split on ;. This allows attackers to bypass the parameter count limit by using ; separators to submit more parameters than intended. The impact is increased CPU and memory usage, which can be leveraged for a denial-of-service attack.

Conceptual Example Code

The following is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited. This example uses a hypothetical HTTP request with a payload that abuses the parameter count bypass vulnerability.

POST /vulnerable/endpoint HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
param1=value1&param2=value2;param3=value3;param4=value4;param5=value5;...;paramN=valueN

In the above example, the attacker is sending a POST request with more parameters than the server is designed to handle, using the ; character to bypass the parameter count limit.

Mitigation

It is recommended to apply the vendor patch as soon as possible. If immediate patching is not possible, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can serve as temporary mitigation. The vulnerability has been patched in Rack version 2.2.18.

Overview

The cybersecurity community needs to be aware of a critical vulnerability identified as CVE-2025-55551. This vulnerability resides in the torch.linalg.lu component of pytorch v2.8.0. When exploited, it allows attackers to cause a Denial of Service (DoS) attack during a slice operation. This vulnerability could potentially allow for system compromise or data leakage, making it a serious concern for organizations utilizing this software.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-55551
Severity: High – CVSS 7.5
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Denial of Service attack, Potential system compromise, Data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

pytorch | v2.8.0

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability exists due to an issue in the torch.linalg.lu component of pytorch v2.8.0. When a slice operation is performed, an attacker can exploit this vulnerability to cause a Denial of Service (DoS) attack. This exploit can be triggered remotely and does not require any user interaction or privileges.

Conceptual Example Code

The following pseudocode highlights how a potential exploit could be triggered:

# Import pytorch
import torch
# Create a Tensor
a = torch.randn(5, 3)
# Perform a slice operation
b = a[:2]
# Trigger the vulnerability
b.lu()

Mitigation

To mitigate this vulnerability, it is recommended to apply the vendor patch when it becomes available. Users can also use a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) as a temporary mitigation. However, these are not long-term solutions and the vendor patch should be applied as soon as possible to fully protect against this vulnerability.

Overview

The CVE-2025-57317 vulnerability stems from a prototype pollution issue discovered in the apidoc-core, a core parser library. This vulnerability affects all versions up to 0.15.0. If successfully exploited, attackers can sabotage the system causing denial of service (DoS) or potentially compromising data. Owing to the widespread use of apidoc-core, this vulnerability can have significant impacts on numerous systems and applications.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-57317
Severity: High (CVSS 7.5)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Denial of Service (DoS), Possible System Compromise, and Data Leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

apidoc-core | versions up to and including 0.15.0

How the Exploit Works

This vulnerability is exploited by an attacker sending a specially crafted payload, which injects properties on Object.prototype in the preProcess function of apidoc-core. The manipulated payload can cause prototype pollution, leading to a denial of service (DoS) condition, potential system compromise, and possible data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

Potential exploitation of this vulnerability might look like the following pseudocode:

POST /parse HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{ "__proto__": {"crash": true} }

In this example, the payload `{“__proto__”: {“crash”: true}}` is sent to the vulnerable endpoint (`/parse`). This payload could lead to prototype pollution and cause a DoS condition or potentially compromise the system.

Recommendation

The recommended mitigation against this vulnerability is to apply the vendor patch once it is available. If this is not possible immediately, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can provide temporary mitigation. Regularly updating and patching software is a fundamental part of maintaining cybersecurity and should be a priority for all systems using apidoc-core.

Overview

The CVE-2025-26278 represents a serious security vulnerability in the lib.set function of dref v0.1.2, which could lead to a potential system compromise or data leakage. This vulnerability has a CVSS severity score of 7.5 and is caused by prototype pollution. This issue affects all systems and applications that use the vulnerable version of this popular JavaScript utility library, making it a significant security concern for developers and users alike.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-26278
Severity: High (7.5 CVSS score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise and potential data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

dref library | v0.1.2

How the Exploit Works

The exploit works by an attacker supplying a crafted payload that pollutes the prototype of an object, which can lead to the addition or modification of an object property. This can cause unexpected behaviors in applications that rely on the affected library, leading to a Denial of Service (DoS) condition, or worse, a potential system compromise or data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a conceptual example of how an attacker could exploit this vulnerability:

// Example of a malicious payload
var payload = JSON.parse('{"__proto__": {"polluted": "Prototype Polluted"}}');
// Applying the payload to the vulnerable function
lib.set(targetObj, 'irrelevant', payload);
// Now, any object created will have the "polluted" property
var newObj = {};
console.log(newObj.polluted);  // Outputs: "Prototype Polluted"

In a real-world scenario, the payload would be more sophisticated and tailored to cause maximum disruption or to leverage the prototype pollution in a way that would lead to a system compromise or data leakage.

Remediation

The best remediation for this vulnerability is to apply the vendor-supplied patch. If the patch is not available or cannot be immediately applied, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can serve as a temporary mitigation measure. However, these should not be seen as long-term solutions, as they do not address the underlying vulnerability.

Overview

CVE-2025-59833 is a security vulnerability found in the Flag Forge Capture The Flag (CTF) platform, which leaves challenge hints exposed in plaintext. This flaw affects versions 2.1.0 to 2.2.9 and can be exploited by any user without requiring point deductions, disrupting the business logic of the platform and potentially impacting the integrity of the challenge system.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-59833
Severity: High (7.5 CVSS score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Undermined integrity of the challenge system, potential system compromise, and data leakage.

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Flag Forge | 2.1.0 to 2.2.9

How the Exploit Works

The exploit takes advantage of the API endpoint GET /api/problems/:id. This endpoint is improperly configured to return challenge hints in plaintext within the question object, regardless of whether the user has unlocked them via point deduction. This means that any user can view all hints for free, without the necessary point deductions, thus bypassing the intended mechanism.

Conceptual Example Code

The vulnerability might be exploited using a simple HTTP request such as the following:

GET /api/problems/123 HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com

In this example, “123” is the id of a specific challenge. The server would then respond with the challenge data, including the hints in plaintext, regardless of the user’s actual point status.

Mitigation

A patch for this issue has been released in version 2.3.0 of the Flag Forge platform. Users are strongly recommended to update to this version or later. In cases where immediate patching is not possible, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can offer temporary mitigation. These systems should be configured to monitor and block suspicious activity at the affected API endpoint.

Overview

CVE-2025-57319 is a Prototype Pollution vulnerability found in the nestedRestore function of the fast-redact package version 3.5.0 and earlier. This vulnerability affects any systems or applications that utilize this package, potentially leading to system compromise or data leakage. Given the widespread use of the fast-redact package, the impact of this vulnerability can be extensive.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-57319
Severity: High (7.5 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: Low
User Interaction: None
Impact: Can lead to system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

fast-redact | 3.5.0 and earlier

How the Exploit Works

The Prototype Pollution vulnerability resides in the nestedRestore function of the fast-redact package. The exploit allows attackers to inject properties on Object.prototype by supplying a maliciously crafted payload. This can cause a denial of service (DoS) attack as the minimum consequence. Although the public API does not directly allow for this exploit, the internal utility functions can be manipulated to cause the pollution.

Conceptual Example Code

Here is a conceptual example of how an attacker might exploit this vulnerability:

POST /nestedRestoreFunction HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{
"__proto__": {
"admin": true
}
}

In this example, the attacker is adding an ‘admin’ property to the prototype of all objects, potentially escalating their privileges within the system.

Mitigation Guidance

The best mitigation at this time would be to apply the patch provided by the vendor. As a temporary mitigation, you could use a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) to prevent exploitation of this vulnerability.

Overview

The vulnerability CVE-2025-57318 is a Prototype Pollution threat in the csvjson’s toCsv function. It affects all versions up to 5.1.0. The issue is significant because it allows attackers to inject properties on Object.prototype, potentially causing denial of service (DoS) and possibly leading to system compromise or data leakage.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-57318
Severity: High (7.5 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Denial of Service, Potential system compromise, and Data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

csvjson | Up to 5.1.0

How the Exploit Works

The exploit works by taking advantage of the Prototype Pollution vulnerability in the toCsv function of csvjson. An attacker supplies a carefully crafted payload that can inject properties on Object.prototype. This injection can cause an application using the vulnerable csvjson library to behave unpredictably, leading to potential denial of service.

Conceptual Example Code

Here is a hypothetical example of a malicious payload that might exploit this vulnerability:

let payload = {
"__proto__": {
"polluted": "Prototype Polluted!"
}
};
csvjson.toCsv(payload);

In this example, the payload is a JSON object that contains a “__proto__” property. When this payload is passed to the vulnerable toCsv function, it can pollute the prototype of all objects, causing unexpected behaviors in the application. This can result in a denial of service or other adverse impacts.

Mitigation Guidance

To mitigate this vulnerability, apply the vendor patch as soon as it becomes available. In the interim, use Web Application Firewalls (WAF) or Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) to detect and block attempts to exploit this vulnerability.

Overview

The Prototype Pollution vulnerability CVE-2025-57329 is a significant issue that affects the web3-core-method package. This package, designed to create methods on web3 modules, is susceptible to an attack that can result in a Denial of Service (DoS) situation or even worse. Given the widespread use of web3 modules, this vulnerability presents a substantial risk and potential disruption to any system that employs this package.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-57329
Severity: High (CVSS: 7.5)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

web3-core-method | <= 1.10.4 How the Exploit Works

The exploit works by an attacker injecting properties into Object.prototype via a crafted payload. This payload utilizes the attachToObject function of the web3-core-method package to modify the prototype of the targeted object. This results in a pollution of the object’s prototype. Depending on the properties injected, this can lead to a variety of consequences, from DoS to potential system compromise or data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

The following is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited:

let payload = JSON.parse('{"__proto__" : {"polluted" : "Prototype Polluted"}}');
web3CoreMethod.attachToObject(payload);

In this example, a malicious payload is parsed and passed to the `attachToObject` method of the `web3-core-method` package. Once the payload is attached, the prototype of all objects becomes polluted with the malicious properties, leading to the potential exploitation of the system.

Overview

The vulnerability identified as CVE-2025-57328 is a significant security flaw in the toggle-array package, widely used in software applications for manipulating properties on objects at a specified index. This vulnerability, termed as Prototype Pollution, exposes the systems to potential risks of system compromise and data leakage. The impact of this vulnerability is significant, as it allows attackers to inject properties on Object.prototype with a crafted payload, leading to a minimum consequence of Denial of Service (DoS).

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-57328
Severity: High (CVSS: 7.5)
Attack Vector: Remote
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise, potential data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Toggle-Array | v1.0.1 and before

How the Exploit Works

An attacker exploiting this vulnerability would craft a specific payload and inject it into the toggle-array package’s enable or disable function. This would cause the prototype of the Object to be polluted, an action that could have a variety of consequences depending on the attacker’s intent and the specific use of the affected software. At a minimum, this could cause a Denial of Service (DoS), but it could also lead to far more severe impacts such as system compromise or data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited:

const ToggleArray = require('toggle-array');
let objectArray = [ { property: 'safe' }, { property: 'safe' } ];
let craftedPayload = '{"__proto__": {"injectedProperty": "compromised"}}';
ToggleArray.enable(objectArray, 0, craftedPayload);
console.log(objectArray[1].injectedProperty); // Outputs: compromised

In the above example, the crafted payload `{“__proto__”: {“injectedProperty”: “compromised”}}` is injected into the `enable` function of the `toggle-array` package. This results in the prototype of all objects in the array being polluted with the `injectedProperty`, compromising the integrity of the system.

Overview

The spmrc package, known for providing the rc manager for spm, has a notable Prototype Pollution vulnerability in its version 1.2.0 and before. This vulnerability, classified as CVE-2025-57327, potentially allows attackers to inject properties on Object.prototype via a crafted payload. This results in a Denial of Service (DoS) at the very least, and could pose a significant risk to systems utilizing the affected spmrc package.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-57327
Severity: High (CVSS: 7.5)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Denial of Service (DoS), Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

spmrc | 1.2.0 and before

How the Exploit Works

The Prototype Pollution vulnerability in spmrc allows attackers to modify the prototype of Object. When an attacker supplies a malicious payload, they can inject properties into Object.prototype. As a result, the attacker can cause unexpected behavior in the application, leading to Denial of Service (DoS). Depending on the application and its usage of the polluted objects, the impact could potentially escalate to system compromise or data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

Here is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited via a crafted payload:

var spmrc = require('spmrc');
spmrc.set('__proto__.polluted', 'Prototype Polluted');
console.log(polluted); // Output: Prototype Polluted

In this example, the attacker injects a property, ‘polluted’, on the Object prototype by using the set function. As a result, all objects inherit this property, causing unexpected behavior in the application.