Author: Ameeba

Overview

This report provides an analysis of the vulnerability identified as CVE-2025-26842 which impacts the Znuny software up to version 7.1.3. This vulnerability allows unauthorized users to access the content of S/MIME encrypted emails. This security flaw poses a serious threat to the confidentiality and integrity of sensitive data, leading to potential system compromise or data leakage.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-26842
Severity: High (7.5 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Unauthorized access to sensitive data and potential system compromise

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Znuny | Up to 7.1.3

How the Exploit Works

The exploit works by taking advantage of a flaw in Znuny’s security controls. If a user is not given access to a ticket, the content of S/MIME encrypted e-mail messages is visible in the CommunicationLog. This means that any unauthorized user with access to the CommunicationLog can view the content of encrypted email communications, potentially exposing sensitive information or leading to a system compromise.

Conceptual Example Code

While the exact code to exploit this vulnerability is not provided, a potential attacker might take advantage of the flaw by means of accessing the CommunicationLog. An example command to view the log might look like this:

cat /path/to/znuny/communication_log

Mitigation Guidance

To mitigate this vulnerability, users are advised to apply the latest vendor patches as soon as they are available. In the interim, the use of Web Application Firewalls (WAF) or Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) can serve as temporary mitigation to prevent unauthorized access to the CommunicationLog. Regular monitoring and auditing of system logs can also aid in detecting any potential exploit attempts in a timely manner.

Overview

The following report provides a comprehensive analysis of the CVE-2024-6648 vulnerability, a critical flaw found in AP Page Builder versions prior to 4.0.0. This vulnerability allows an unauthenticated remote user to modify system files, potentially compromising the system or leading to data leakage. It is of high importance due to the potential for widespread unauthorized access and data exposure.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2024-6648
Severity: High (7.5 CVSS score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise and data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

AP Page Builder | Versions Prior to 4.0.0

How the Exploit Works

The CVE-2024-6648 vulnerability is an Absolute Path Traversal flaw that enables an unauthenticated remote user to modify the ‘product_item_path’ within the ‘config’ JSON file. This modification permits the attacker to read any file on the system, potentially leading to unauthorized data access or complete system compromise.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a conceptual example of how this vulnerability might be exploited. In this example, an HTTP POST request is used to send a malicious payload to the target system:

POST /APPageBuilder/config HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{ "product_item_path": "/etc/passwd" }

In this case, the attacker attempts to modify the ‘product_item_path’ to point to the ‘/etc/passwd’ system file, a common target for those seeking unauthorized access to system user data.

Mitigation Guidance

Users of AP Page Builder are strongly advised to apply the vendor patch to correct this vulnerability. In situations where immediate patching is not feasible, the use of a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can offer temporary mitigation.

Overview

The CVE-2025-3419 vulnerability affects the Event Manager, Events Calendar, Tickets, Registrations – Eventin plugin for WordPress. This vulnerability allows unauthenticated attackers to read arbitrary files on the server, potentially leading to data leakage or system compromise. It’s a significant threat to any WordPress site using this plugin as it may expose sensitive information.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-3419
Severity: High (CVSS: 7.5)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise and data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Event Manager, Events Calendar, Tickets, Registrations – Eventin plugin for WordPress | <= 4.0.26 How the Exploit Works

The proxy_image() function does not properly validate or sanitize the input, allowing an attacker to pass a path to an arbitrary file on the server. The result is an arbitrary file read vulnerability. This means that an attacker can remotely read the content of any file on the server without authentication or user interaction.

Conceptual Example Code

A potential exploit could look like this:

GET /wp-content/plugins/eventin/includes/admin/views/proxy_image.php?file_path=/etc/passwd HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com

Here, the attacker is requesting the content of the “/etc/passwd” file, which stores user account information. A successful exploit could reveal sensitive information about the system’s users.

Mitigation Guidance

To mitigate this vulnerability, apply the vendor’s patch as soon as it becomes available. In the meantime, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can provide temporary mitigation.

Overview

CVE-2025-46727 is a significant cybersecurity vulnerability found in the Rack web server interface for Ruby. The flaw lies in the lack of an upper limit for the number of parameters parsed from query strings and form data, enabling malicious actors to trigger denial of service attacks. This vulnerability highlights the importance of robust cybersecurity practices and poses a critical risk to those utilizing older versions of Rack in their web applications.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-46727
Severity: High, CVSS Score: 7.5
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise and data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Rack | Prior to versions 2.2.14, 3.0.16, and 3.1.14

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability lies in Rack’s QueryParser module, which parses query strings and form data into Ruby data structures without imposing any limit on the number of parameters. The QueryParser iterates over each `&`-separated key-value pair, adding it to a Hash with no upper bound on the total number of parameters. This allows an attacker to send a request containing an exceptionally large number of parameters, consuming excessive memory and CPU during parsing. This results in a denial of service as it can cause memory exhaustion or pin CPU resources, stalling or crashing the Rack server.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a conceptual example of an HTTP request exploiting this vulnerability by sending a large number of parameters:

POST /vulnerable/endpoint HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
param1=value1&param2=value2&param3=value3&...&param1000000=value1000000

In this example, the attacker sends a POST request with a million parameters in the request body, which would cause the server to consume excessive resources during parsing, potentially leading to a denial of service.

Mitigation

To mitigate the effects of this vulnerability, users should apply the vendor-provided patches (Rack versions 2.2.14, 3.0.16, and 3.1.14). In case patching is not immediately possible, one may use middleware to enforce a maximum query string size or parameter count, or employ a reverse proxy (such as Nginx) to limit request sizes and reject oversized query strings or bodies. Employing a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can also serve as a temporary mitigation measure. At the web server or CDN level, limiting request body sizes and query string lengths presents an effective mitigation strategy.

Overview

The cybersecurity vulnerability CVE-2025-41433 is a critical flaw that affects Message Routing virtual servers when a Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) message routing framework (MRF) application layer gateway (ALG) profile is configured. This vulnerability matters because it can potentially cause the Traffic Management Microkernel (TMM) to terminate, leading to system compromise or data leakage.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-41433
Severity: High (7.5)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential for system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Message Routing Virtual Server | All versions before vendor patch

How the Exploit Works

The exploit takes advantage of a flaw in the SIP MRF ALG profile. When a malicious, undisclosed request is sent to the Message Routing virtual server, it can cause the TMM to terminate unexpectedly. This termination could lead to a potential system compromise or data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

Here’s a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited using a SIP INVITE request:

INVITE sip:target@example.com SIP/2.0
Via: SIP/2.0/UDP attacker.com;branch=z9hG4bKnashds8
To: <sip:target@example.com>
From: "Attacker" <sip:attacker@attacker.com>;tag=1928301774
Call-ID: a84b4c76e66710
CSeq: 314159 INVITE
Contact: <sip:attacker@attacker.com>
Content-Type: application/sdp
Content-Length: ...
v=0
o=user1 53655765 2353687637 IN IP4 attacker.com
s=-
c=IN IP4 target.example.com
t=0 0
m=audio 6000 RTP/AVP 0
a=rtpmap:0 PCMU/8000

Mitigation Guidance

To mitigate this vulnerability, apply the vendor patch as soon as it becomes available. In the meantime, use a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) as temporary mitigation.

Overview

The cybersecurity vulnerability CVE-2025-41431 affects BIG-IP systems that have connection mirroring configured on a virtual server. The flaw can lead to the termination of the Traffic Management Microkernel (TMM) in the standby systems of a traffic group, possibly leading to system compromise or data leakage. This report provides an in-depth analysis of the vulnerability, potential impacts, and mitigation strategies.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-41431
Severity: High (7.5 CVSS)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

BIG-IP Systems | Versions with connection mirroring feature

How the Exploit Works

When connection mirroring is configured on a virtual server, the vulnerability allows an attacker to send undisclosed requests that can cause the Traffic Management Microkernel (TMM) to terminate in the standby BIG-IP systems in a traffic group. The termination of TMM could lead to a system failure or destabilization, opening an opportunity for further attacks or data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a conceptual example of how this vulnerability might be exploited, using a sample HTTP request to send undisclosed requests:

POST /undisclosed/request HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{ "malicious_payload": "TMM termination command" }

In this example, the “malicious_payload” is a TMM termination command. When this request is processed by the affected BIG-IP system, it could lead to the termination of the TMM on the standby system.

Mitigation Guidance

To mitigate this vulnerability, it is recommended to apply the vendor-supplied patch as soon as it becomes available. As a temporary workaround, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can help to detect and block the undisclosed requests that exploit this vulnerability.

Overview

The identified vulnerability, CVE-2025-41414, is a serious security issue affecting servers with HTTP/2 client and server profile configurations. It is of critical concern due to the potential for system compromise and data leakage, making it a high-priority issue for system administrators and security professionals alike.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-41414
Severity: High (CVSS 7.5)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Virtual Server with HTTP/2 Profile | All versions prior to patch

How the Exploit Works

The identified exploit works by sending undisclosed requests to the server when HTTP/2 client and server profile is configured on a virtual server. These undisclosed requests can cause the Traffic Management Microkernel (TMM) to terminate, potentially allowing for system compromise or data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

Here is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited. Please note that this is a hypothetical scenario for understanding purposes.

POST /undisclosed/request HTTP/2
Host: vulnerable-server.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{ "malicious_request": "Terminate TMM" }

In this example, a malicious user sends an undisclosed request to the server in an attempt to terminate the Traffic Management Microkernel (TMM), potentially gaining unauthorized access or causing data leakage.

Mitigation Guidance

To mitigate this vulnerability, it is recommended to apply the vendor-provided patch as soon as possible. In the interim, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can serve as temporary mitigation. It is imperative that any systems running software versions that have reached End of Technical Support (EoTS) are updated to maintain security integrity.

Overview

The vulnerability identified as CVE-2025-41399 is a significant security concern that affects systems where a Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) profile is configured on a virtual server. This vulnerability can lead to an increase in memory resource utilization due to undisclosed requests. As a result, the affected systems could potentially be compromised or suffer data leakage, thus posing a serious risk to information security.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-41399
Severity: High (CVSS: 7.5)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage due to increased memory resource utilization

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Virtual Server Software | All versions prior to the patch
SCTP Profile Software | All versions prior to the patch

How the Exploit Works

The exploit works by sending undisclosed requests to the virtual server when an SCTP profile is configured. These undisclosed requests can cause an increase in memory resource utilization, potentially leading to a system crash or giving unauthorized users the opportunity to access sensitive data or gain control of the system.

Conceptual Example Code

A malicious actor might exploit this vulnerability by sending a flood of undisclosed requests to the server. This could theoretically be done with a simple script, as shown below in a pseudocode:

for i in range(1000000):
send_request("http://target.example.com/vulnerable_endpoint", data={"undisclosed request": i})

This code essentially sends a million undisclosed requests to the vulnerable endpoint, leading to an increase in memory resource utilization.

Overview

The security vulnerability CVE-2025-36557 represents a significant threat to systems utilizing an HTTP profile with the Enforce RFC Compliance option configured on a virtual server. This vulnerability can cause the Traffic Management Microkernel (TMM) to terminate due to undisclosed requests. The subsequent termination could potentially lead to a system compromise or data leakage, hence posing an immense risk to user data privacy and system integrity.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-36557
Severity: High (7.5 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Traffic Management Microkernel (TMM) | Versions reaching End of Technical Support (EoTS)

How the Exploit Works

The exploitation of this vulnerability occurs when an attacker sends undisclosed requests to a virtual server with an HTTP profile that enforces RFC compliance. These undisclosed requests cause the server’s Traffic Management Microkernel (TMM) to terminate. The termination could lead to a potential system compromise or data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited using an HTTP request:

POST /undisclosed/request HTTP/1.1
Host: targetedserver.com
Content-Type: application/json
{ "malicious_payload": "Terminate TMM" }

In the example, the malicious payload is designed to trigger the termination of the Traffic Management Microkernel (TMM) when it is processed by the target server.

Mitigation Guidance

The recommended mitigation strategy for this vulnerability is to apply the vendor’s patch, which is designed to fix the vulnerability. If the patch is not immediately available or applicable, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) could serve as a temporary mitigation strategy. These systems can detect and block the undisclosed requests causing the TMM termination, thereby limiting the potential for system compromise or data leakage.

Overview

CVE-2025-36525 is a high-severity vulnerability discovered in the BIG-IP Access Policy Manager (APM) virtual server when configured to use a PingAccess profile. This vulnerability can lead to termination of the Traffic Management Microkernel (TMM), potentially disrupting the service and possibly leading to system compromise or data leakage. This is a critical concern for organizations using the affected software versions, and an immediate patch is recommended.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-36525
Severity: High (7.5 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

BIG-IP APM | All versions using a PingAccess profile

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability arises from the handling of undisclosed requests by the BIG-IP APM when configured to use a PingAccess profile. A malicious actor can exploit this vulnerability by sending undisclosed requests to the server. These requests cause the Traffic Management Microkernel (TMM) to terminate, potentially disrupting the service, and opening the door for system compromise or data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited. This is a sample HTTP request, which simulates the undisclosed request that triggers the vulnerability.

POST /undisclosed/request HTTP/1.1
Host: vulnerable.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{ "malicious_request": "Undisclosed request causing TMM termination" }

Mitigation and Patching Guidance

The best mitigation against this vulnerability is to apply the patch provided by the vendor. If this is not immediately possible, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can serve as a temporary alternative for mitigating the risk associated with this vulnerability. However, these measures are not long-term solutions and should be complemented with the application of the vendor-provided patch as soon as it is feasible.