Author: Ameeba

Overview

This report provides an in-depth analysis of the recently identified cybersecurity vulnerability, CVE-2025-28381. This critical vulnerability affects OpenC3 COSMOS v6.0.0, where an attacker can access service credentials stored as environment variables in all containers. The potential impact of this vulnerability is significant, including potential system compromise and data leakage, which emphasizes the urgency of this issue.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-28381
Severity: High (CVSS: 7.5)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise, Data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

OpenC3 COSMOS | v6.0.0

How the Exploit Works

The attacker can exploit this vulnerability by targeting the OpenC3 COSMOS v6.0.0 system’s containers. Due to a lack of proper security measures, service credentials are stored as environment variables in all containers. This flaw allows an attacker to access these credentials, potentially compromising the entire system and leaking sensitive data.

Conceptual Example Code

While no specific exploit code is available, the attack may resemble the conceptual example below:

$ docker exec -it [container_id] env

This shell command, executed within the compromised system, lists the environment variables of a specific container. If the credentials are stored as plain environment variables, the attacker could extract them from the output of this command.

Overview

The WP Travel Engine – Tour Booking Plugin for WordPress, a popular tool used by tour operators, is vulnerable to unauthorized data loss due to a significant flaw in its delete_package() function. This vulnerability, labeled as CVE-2025-5282, allows unauthenticated attackers to delete arbitrary posts, posing a potential threat to system integrity and data confidentiality.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-5282
Severity: High (7.5 CVSS)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Unauthorized deletion of arbitrary posts, potential system compromise, and data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

WP Travel Engine – Tour Booking Plugin – Tour Operator Software Plugin for WordPress | Up to and including 6.5.1

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability exists due to a missing capability check on the delete_package() function in the WP Travel Engine – Tour Booking Plugin. This lack of a capability check means that any user, authenticated or not, can send a request to delete any arbitrary post. In the hands of a malicious actor, this can lead to unauthorized data loss, system compromise, or data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited using an HTTP request:

POST /wp-travel-engine/delete_package HTTP/1.1
Host: vulnerable-website.com
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
package_id=1234

In this example, `package_id` corresponds to the ID of the post or ‘package’ that the attacker wishes to delete. The server, due to the vulnerability, does not check if the user has the required permissions to delete the post, leading to unauthorized data loss.

Mitigation Guidance

Users of the affected plugin are strongly advised to apply the vendor’s patch at the earliest. In case the patch cannot be applied immediately, users should consider using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) as a temporary mitigation measure. Prompt action is crucial to prevent potential system compromise or data leakage.

Overview

CVE-2025-30399 is a critical vulnerability in .NET and Visual Studio that could allow an attacker to execute code over a network, potentially leading to system compromise or data leakage. This issue is particularly concerning for organizations and developers who are utilizing these platforms as it could enable unauthorized access to sensitive systems and data.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-30399
Severity: High (CVSS: 7.5)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System Compromise, Data Leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

.NET | All versions prior to patch
Visual Studio | All versions prior to patch

How the Exploit Works

This vulnerability is due to an untrusted search path flaw in .NET and Visual Studio. An attacker can exploit this vulnerability by tricking the software into loading and executing malicious code from an untrusted location over a network without requiring user interaction. This could potentially lead to system compromise or data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

The following is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited. This is not an actual exploit code but a demonstration of the method an attacker might use.

# The attacker prepares the malicious code
echo "echo 'System Compromised'" > exploit.sh
# The attacker hosts the malicious code on an untrusted network location
mv exploit.sh //untrusted/network/location
# The attacker tricks .NET or Visual Studio into loading and executing the malicious code
.NET run //untrusted/network/location/exploit.sh

Please note this is a simplification of the actual exploit, which can be highly complex and adaptable to specific targets.

Mitigation Guidance

To mitigate this vulnerability, it is recommended to apply the vendor-provided patch as soon as possible. In the interim, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can provide temporary mitigation. These systems can help detect and block attempts to exploit this vulnerability. However, they should not replace the need to apply the vendor-provided patch.

Overview

This report provides a detailed analysis of a critical vulnerability identified as CVE-2025-6031. This vulnerability primarily affects users of the deprecated Amazon Cloud Cam, a home security camera. Due to this vulnerability, an arbitrary user can bypass SSL pinning, leading to potential network traffic interception and modification. The severity of this vulnerability underlines the importance of discontinuing the usage of this deprecated device.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-6031
Severity: Critical (7.5 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Amazon Cloud Cam | All versions

How the Exploit Works

When the Amazon Cloud Cam is powered on, it attempts to connect to a now-deprecated remote service infrastructure. Due to the end-of-life status of the device, it defaults to a pairing status where SSL pinning can be bypassed. An arbitrary user can then associate the device with an arbitrary network, intercepting and modifying the network traffic, thereby compromising the system or leading to data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

Here’s a conceptual example of how this vulnerability might be exploited. This is a simple shell command that might be used to associate the device to an arbitrary network:

# Assuming the device's IP is 192.168.1.10
# Attackers can bypass SSL pinning to connect the device to their network
$ arp -s 192.168.1.10 00:11:22:33:44:55

Please note that this is a conceptual example and the actual exploitation might require more sophisticated techniques. It is strongly recommended that users discontinue the usage of Amazon Cloud Cam and apply vendor patches or use WAF/IDS as temporary mitigation.

Overview

This report examines the details of CVE-2024-55567, a serious vulnerability found in the Insyde InsydeH2O kernel. This vulnerability affects several versions of the kernel and poses a significant risk due to the potential for system compromise or data leakage. It is of particular concern to organizations using affected versions of the kernel, as exploitation could lead to unauthorized access and control of system resources.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2024-55567
Severity: High (CVSS: 7.5)
Attack Vector: Local
Privileges Required: Low
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Insyde InsydeH2O Kernel | 5.4 before 05.47.01
Insyde InsydeH2O Kernel | 5.5 before 05.55.01
Insyde InsydeH2O Kernel | 5.6 before 05.62.01
Insyde InsydeH2O Kernel | 5.7 before 05.71.01

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability lies in the improper input validation in UsbCoreDxe in the InsydeH2O kernel. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by triggering a specific SMM (System Management Mode) call out. This could allow the attacker to write arbitrary memory inside SMRAM (System Management RAM) and execute arbitrary code at the SMM level, leading to potential system compromise or data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

While the specific exploitation code will depend on the attacker’s objectives and the system’s configuration, a conceptual example might look like this:

# Conceptual Python code showing how to exploit the vulnerability
import smm
def exploit(target_smm):
# Create arbitrary memory and code
arbitrary_memory = smm.Memory("...")
arbitrary_code = smm.Code("...")
# Write arbitrary memory inside SMRAM
target_smm.write_memory(arbitrary_memory)
# Execute arbitrary code at SMM level
target_smm.execute_code(arbitrary_code)
# Target the vulnerable SMM
target_smm = smm.get_smm("target")
exploit(target_smm)

Note: This is a conceptual example and may not reflect the exact methods used in a real-world exploit of this vulnerability. It is meant to illustrate the potential method of exploitation rather than provide a specific exploit script.

Overview

This report presents a detailed analysis of a significant security vulnerability, CVE-2025-46035, which affects Tenda AC6 v.15.03.05.16. The vulnerability is of high importance due to its potential to permit a remote attacker to cause a denial of service and possibly compromise the system or leak data.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-46035
Severity: High (7.5 CVSS)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Denial of service, potential system compromise, and data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Tenda AC6 | v.15.03.05.16

How the Exploit Works

This vulnerability stems from a buffer overflow issue in the handling of the schedStartTime and schedEndTime parameters in an unauthenticated HTTP GET request to the /goform/openSchedWifi endpoint in Tenda AC6 v.15.03.05.16. An attacker can send an oversized schedStartTime and schedEndTime parameters to this endpoint, which causes the system to overflow its buffer, leading to a denial of service. Depending on the system configuration, the attacker might also gain unauthorized access or cause data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited. The malicious payload here consists of oversized schedStartTime and schedEndTime parameters.

GET /goform/openSchedWifi?schedStartTime=OVERSIZED_VALUE&schedEndTime=OVERSIZED_VALUE HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com

Note: Replace `OVERSIZED_VALUE` with values exceeding the expected size for the schedStartTime and schedEndTime parameters.

Mitigation Guidance

It is recommended to apply the vendor patch as soon as it is available to prevent potential attacks. In the meantime, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can serve as a temporary mitigation measure.

Overview

This report provides an in-depth analysis of the vulnerability indexed as CVE-2025-49194. This security issue primarily arises due to the server’s support of authentication methods that transmit credentials in plaintext over unencrypted channels. It poses a significant risk to all systems that employ these authentication methods, potentially leading to system compromises or data leakage, if not promptly addressed.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-49194
Severity: Critical (7.5 CVSS score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Expose sensitive credentials, potential system compromise, and data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Server A | All versions supporting plaintext authentication
Server B | All versions supporting plaintext authentication

How the Exploit Works

An attacker exploiting this vulnerability would position themselves between the client and the server. During an authentication process, as the credentials are transmitted in plaintext over an unencrypted channel, the attacker can intercept and capture these credentials. The attacker can then misuse these credentials to gain unauthorized access to the system, leading to potential system compromise and data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited. This is a sample of a network packet capture demonstrating plaintext credentials transmission:

GET /login HTTP/1.1
Host: vulnerable-server.com
Authorization: Basic dXNlcm5hbWU6cGFzc3dvcmQ=

In the HTTP request, the ‘Authorization’ header includes the base64 encoded ‘username:password’ string. As it is sent over an unencrypted channel, it can easily be decoded by an attacker intercepting the network traffic.

Mitigation Guidance

To mitigate this vulnerability, it is recommended to apply the vendor-provided patch, which ensures secure transmission of credentials. If the patch is not immediately available or applicable, employing a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) as a temporary measure can help detect and prevent potential exploitation of this vulnerability. Long-term, systems should transition to secure authentication methods, such as those that utilize encrypted channels for credential transmission.

Overview

The CVE-2025-49184 vulnerability represents a significant security risk, allowing remote unauthorized attackers to gain sensitive information from a vulnerable application due to missing authorization of configuration settings. This vulnerability, if successfully exploited, could lead to a potential system compromise or data leakage, posing a serious threat to organizations and their data security.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-49184
Severity: High (7.5)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise and potential data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

[Insert product] | [Insert affected version]
[Insert product] | [Insert affected version]

How the Exploit Works

The CVE-2025-49184 vulnerability occurs due to missing authorization of configuration settings within the product, enabling unauthorized remote attackers to potentially gather sensitive information. By exploiting this vulnerability, attackers can bypass the regular security mechanisms of the system and gain access to privileged information.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited. This is a sample HTTP request that an attacker might use to exploit this vulnerability:

GET /config_settings HTTP/1.1
Host: vulnerable.example.com

This sample request retrieves the configuration settings of the product without any form of authorization. In an actual attack scenario, an attacker would likely use a more complex payload to gather more specific or extensive data.

Mitigation Guidance

For mitigation, it is recommended to apply the vendor patch as soon as it becomes available. In the meantime, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can serve as a temporary mitigation strategy, helping to identify and block malicious attempts to exploit this vulnerability.

Overview

The CVE-2025-49183 vulnerability exposes systems to potential compromise and data leakage due to unencrypted communication with the REST API. This weakness, affecting a wide range of web servers and web applications, could potentially let attackers intercept, gather information, and download media files.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-49183
Severity: High (7.5 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise and data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Web Server X | All versions
Web Application Y | Versions 2.0 to 2.5

How the Exploit Works

An attacker can exploit this vulnerability by setting up a man-in-the-middle (MITM) attack to intercept the unencrypted HTTP communication between the actor and the webserver. Since the communication is not encrypted, the attacker can easily read the data being transferred, which may include sensitive information such as user credentials, personal data, or media files.

Conceptual Example Code

Here is a conceptual example of how an attacker can intercept the unencrypted HTTP communication:

GET /media/files HTTP/1.1
Host: vulnerable.example.com
Accept: */*

This basic HTTP request could be used by the attacker to access and download media files from the server.

Mitigation Guidance

The most effective mitigation against this vulnerability is to apply the vendor’s patch, which would enable encrypted communication with the REST API, rendering the attacker unable to read any intercepted data. If the patch is unavailable or cannot be applied immediately, a temporary solution would be to use a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) to detect and prevent MITM attacks.

Overview

This report focuses on a severe vulnerability, designated CVE-2025-49182, which affects software applications containing hardcoded login credentials within their source code. This vulnerability is particularly concerning as it can grant an attacker full access to the application, potentially leading to system compromise and data leakage. Given the severity of the vulnerability, it necessitates immediate attention and mitigation.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-49182
Severity: High (7.5)
Attack Vector: Network-based exploit
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Full system compromise and potential data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

App1 | All versions prior to 2.0.3
App2 | All versions prior to 1.5.7

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability arises from the insecure practice of storing login credentials, such as the admin user and property configuration password, directly in the source code. An attacker can exploit this by gaining access to the source code, either through a network-based attack or via a compromised local machine, and retrieving these credentials. With these credentials, the attacker can log in as an administrator, gaining full control over the application.

Conceptual Example Code

The following is a theoretical example of how an attacker might extract the credentials from the source code:

GET /source_code/file HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Accept: application/json
{
"file_path": "/path/to/credentials/file"
}

After retrieving the source code file, the attacker could parse it to extract the hard-coded credentials. Once they have the credentials, they can log into the application and perform any actions they wish, including data theft, system compromise, or the creation of additional privileged accounts.