Author: Ameeba

Overview

This report sheds light on a significant vulnerability, CVE-2025-29339, that affects Open5GS UPF versions up to v2.7.2. This vulnerability in the user plane function (UPF) could potentially lead to a system compromise or data leakage. Given the critical nature of Open5GS in telecom and IT infrastructure, understanding and mitigating this vulnerability is of utmost importance.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-29339
Severity: High (7.5 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise and potential data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Open5GS UPF | Up to v2.7.2

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability is exploited when a PFCP Session Establishment Request with PDN Type=0 is processed. The UPF fails to handle this invalid value propagated either from the Session Management Function (SMF) or through a direct attack. This triggers a fatal assertion check, causing a daemon crash, and potentially allowing a malicious actor to compromise the system or data.

Conceptual Example Code

A conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited could be a malicious PFCP Session Establishment Request sent to the Open5GS UPF. This could look something like:

send_pfcp_request --pdn-type 0 --target open5gs-upf.example.com

This simple command could send a PFCP Session Establishment Request with PDN Type=0 to the vulnerable UPF, triggering the fatal assertion check and causing the daemon to crash.

Mitigation Guidance

The best course of action to prevent exploitation is to apply the vendor patch as soon as it is available. In the meantime, a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can be used to monitor and block malicious PFCP Session Establishment Requests as a temporary mitigation measure.

Overview

CVE-2025-23174 is a serious vulnerability that exposes sensitive information to unauthorized actors, potentially leading to full system compromise or substantial data leaks. It impacts a broad spectrum of digital systems, thus making it a significant concern for organizations and individuals striving to maintain the integrity and confidentiality of their data.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-23174
Severity: High (7.5 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise and data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Product 1 | 1.0 to 2.3
Product 2 | 4.5 to 5.8

How the Exploit Works

The exploit takes advantage of improper data handling, resulting in sensitive information exposure. An attacker can remotely send crafted requests to the vulnerable system, tricking it into disclosing sensitive data. This data can then be used for further attacks, including system takeover or massive data theft.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a conceptual example of how an attacker might exploit this vulnerability. This is a sample HTTP request that includes a malicious payload designed to trick the system into revealing sensitive data.

POST /vulnerable/endpoint HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{ "exploit_code": "extract_sensitive_data()" }

In this conceptual example, the `”exploit_code”: “extract_sensitive_data()”` is the malicious payload. When processed by the vulnerable system, it would extract sensitive data and return it as part of the response.

Mitigation and Prevention

The primary mitigation for CVE-2025-23174 is to apply patches provided by the vendor. If a patch is not available, the use of Web Application Firewalls (WAF) or Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) can provide temporary mitigation by monitoring the network for signs of exploitation attempts and blocking such traffic. Regularly updating and patching systems is a fundamental practice in preventing the exploitation of similar vulnerabilities in the future.

Overview

CVE-2025-3857 is a severe vulnerability in Amazon.IonDotnet’s RawBinaryReader class that could potentially lead to system compromise or data leakage. This vulnerability affects applications using Amazon.IonDotnet for reading binary Ion data, and it poses a significant risk due to its potential to trigger an infinite loop condition, resulting in a denial of service.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-3857
Severity: High, CVSS 7.5
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Amazon.IonDotnet | All versions prior to 1.3.1

How the Exploit Works

The exploit for this vulnerability involves sending malformed or truncated Ion data to an application using Amazon.IonDotnet. The lack of checks on the number of bytes read from the underlying stream while deserializing the binary format results in an infinite loop condition. This situation can cause system resources to be exhausted, leading to a denial of service. Additionally, in some cases, this vulnerability could be leveraged to compromise the system or leak data.

Conceptual Example Code

Here’s a conceptual example of a malicious payload that could potentially exploit this vulnerability:

POST /api/parse_ion HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/ion
{
"malformed_ion_data": "..."
}

In this example, “malformed_ion_data” would contain Ion data that is purposely malformed or truncated to exploit the vulnerability.

Mitigation Guidance

Users are advised to upgrade to Amazon.IonDotnet version 1.3.1 to mitigate this vulnerability. If an immediate upgrade is not possible, the use of a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) could serve as a temporary mitigation measure. Ensure any forked or derivative code is patched to incorporate the new fixes.

Overview

This report uncovers a severe vulnerability, CVE-2025-2111, found in the Insert Headers And Footers plugin for WordPress. The vulnerability affects all plugin versions up to, and including, 3.1.1. This vulnerability is significant due to its potential to compromise the system and leak data, thereby posing a substantial threat to WordPress site administrators and users.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-2111
Severity: High (7.5 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: Required
Impact: System compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Insert Headers And Footers WordPress Plugin | Up to and including 3.1.1

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability stems from missing or incorrect nonce validation in the ‘custom_plugin_set_option’ function, making it susceptible to Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF) attacks. Unauthenticated attackers can potentially exploit this by sending a forged request to update arbitrary options on the WordPress site. If an attacker can trick a site administrator into performing an action, such as clicking on a link, they can change the default role for registration to administrator and enable user registration. Consequently, attackers can gain administrative user access to a vulnerable site. To exploit this vulnerability, the ‘WPBRIGADE_SDK__DEV_MODE’ constant must be set to ‘true’.

Conceptual Example Code

Here is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited using an HTTP request:

POST /wp-admin/admin-ajax.php?action=ihaf_insertion&ihaf_nonce= CSRF_TOKEN HTTP/1.1
Host: targetwordpresssite.com
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
data={ "ihaf_insert_header": "<script>malicious_code_here</script>", "ihaf_insert_header_priority": "1" }

In this example, the attacker is sending a forged POST request to the ‘ihaf_insertion’ endpoint, which changes the header of the website to include malicious code.

Mitigation Guidance

Users are advised to apply the vendor-supplied patch immediately to remediate this vulnerability. In the meantime, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can serve as a temporary mitigation strategy. In the long term, implementing robust CSRF protections and nonce validation can help prevent similar vulnerabilities.

Overview

This report discusses the vulnerability CVE-2024-13926, which affects the WP-Syntax WordPress plugin version 1.2 and earlier. This vulnerability could potentially lead to a Denial of Service (DoS) attack due to a catastrophic backtracking issue in regular expression processing. It’s significant because of the potential for system compromise or data leakage.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2024-13926
Severity: High (7.5 CVSS)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: Required
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage due to DoS attacks

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

WP-Syntax WordPress Plugin | Version 1.2 and earlier

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability resides in the improper handling of user input within the WP-Syntax WordPress plugin. An attacker can create a post containing a large number of tags, which triggers a catastrophic backtracking issue in the regular expression processing. This could lead to a Denial of Service (DoS) attack, potentially rendering the system unavailable or leaking sensitive data.

Conceptual Example Code

Here is a conceptual example of how an attacker might exploit this vulnerability using a large number of tags in a WordPress post:

POST /wp-admin/post-new.php HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
post_title=Exploit&content=[place large number of tags here]&post_status=publish

In the above example, the ‘content’ parameter is filled with an excessive number of tags, causing the WP-Syntax plugin to backtrack excessively during regex processing, leading to a DoS condition.

Mitigation

Users of the WP-Syntax WordPress plugin are advised to apply vendor patches as soon as they become available. In the interim, the use of a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can provide temporary mitigation against potential attacks exploiting this vulnerability.

Overview

This report covers an arbitrary file read vulnerability in the CLEVER – HTML5 Radio Player With History – Shoutcast and Icecast – Elementor Widget Addon plugin for WordPress. This vulnerability allows unauthenticated attackers to read arbitrary files on the server of an affected site, which may contain sensitive information like database credentials. It’s a serious issue that can expose critical data and potentially compromise the entire system.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-3103
Severity: High (7.5 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage due to unauthorized access to sensitive files

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

CLEVER – HTML5 Radio Player With History – Shoutcast and Icecast – Elementor Widget Addon plugin for WordPress | Up to and including 2.4

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability is due to insufficient file path validation in the ‘history.php’ file. An attacker can send a specially crafted request to the server hosting the vulnerable plugin. The server, failing to properly validate the requested file path, will return the content of any file specified by the attacker.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a conceptual example of how this vulnerability might be exploited using an HTTP GET request. In this example, the attacker attempts to read the ‘wp-config.php’ file, which typically contains sensitive information such as database credentials.

GET /wp-content/plugins/clever-html5-radio-player/history.php?file=../../../wp-config.php HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com

Mitigation Guidance

To mitigate this vulnerability, apply the vendor patch as soon as possible. If a patch cannot be immediately applied, use a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) as a temporary mitigation. These systems can be configured to block or alert on attempts to exploit this vulnerability.

Overview

This report outlines the details of a severe SQL Injection vulnerability identified in the JobWP – Job Board, Job Listing, Career Page and Recruitment Plugin plugin for WordPress. The vulnerability, marked as CVE-2025-2010, can be exploited by unauthenticated attackers to extract sensitive information from the database. As such, it poses a significant risk to websites using affected versions of this plugin and requires immediate attention to mitigate potential security breaches.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-2010
Severity: High – CVSS 7.5
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

JobWP – Job Board, Job Listing, Career Page and Recruitment Plugin for WordPress | Up to 2.3.9

How the Exploit Works

The JobWP – Job Board, Job Listing, Career Page and Recruitment Plugin plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to SQL Injection via the ‘jobwp_upload_resume’ parameter. Due to insufficient escaping on the user supplied parameter and lack of sufficient preparation on the existing SQL query, unauthenticated attackers can append additional SQL queries into already existing queries. This can be used to extract sensitive information from the database.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited:

POST /wp-content/plugins/jobwp-upload-resume HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{ "jobwp_upload_resume": "'; SELECT * FROM wp_users --" }

In this example, the attacker uses the ‘jobwp_upload_resume’ parameter to append a new SQL command (`SELECT * FROM wp_users`) to the original query, potentially allowing them to retrieve all user data from the database.

Overview

A serious vulnerability, CVE-2025-28235, has been discovered in Soundcraft Ui Series Firmware which allows unauthenticated attackers to access administrator credentials in plaintext. This vulnerability threatens the security of two models, Ui12 and Ui16, potentially compromising the system or leaking sensitive data. As such, it is of high importance for users of these models to be aware of this vulnerability and take the necessary steps to mitigate it.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-28235
Severity: High (CVSS: 7.5)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise, Data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Soundcraft Ui12 | Firmware v1.0.7x, v1.0.5x
Soundcraft Ui16 | Firmware v1.0.7x, v1.0.5x

How the Exploit Works

The exploit works by sending a specific request to the /socket.io/1/websocket/ component of the affected firmware versions. This request triggers the vulnerability, causing the firmware to disclose administrator credentials in plaintext. An attacker does not need any privileges or user interaction to exploit this vulnerability, making it a critical security risk.

Conceptual Example Code

Here is a conceptual example of an HTTP request that might exploit this vulnerability:

GET /socket.io/1/websocket/ HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com

Upon receiving this request, the vulnerable system may respond with the administrator credentials in plaintext.

Mitigation

Users of Soundcraft Ui12 and Ui16, with affected firmware versions, should apply the vendor-provided patch to mitigate this vulnerability. In the absence of such a patch, or until it can be applied, a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can be used as a temporary mitigation. Regularly updating and patching systems, along with continuous monitoring of network traffic, can help in reducing the risk associated with this vulnerability.

Overview

The alert pertains to a significant access control vulnerability identified in the 2024R1.0.3 version of Nagios Network Analyzer. The vulnerability, tracked as CVE-2025-28059, can potentially lead to unauthorized access to system resources and functions, impacting the integrity of the system. The flaw is particularly concerning for businesses and organizations that utilize this software for network analysis, as it could lead to system compromise or data leakage.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-28059
Severity: High (CVSS: 7.5)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Unauthorized access to restricted system functions, potential system compromise and data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Nagios Network Analyzer | 2024R1.0.3

How the Exploit Works

The exploit takes advantage of an access control flaw in Nagios Network Analyzer. When a user account is deleted by an administrator, the system fails to invalidate the active sessions and revoke associated API tokens. This means a user whose account has been deleted can still access system resources via these stale sessions and tokens, leading to potential unauthorized access to restricted functions.

Conceptual Example Code

The following example presents a conceptual representation of how an HTTP request might be manipulated to exploit this vulnerability:

GET /restricted_function HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Authorization: Bearer <stale_token>
{ "user": "deleted_user" }

In this example, `` would be the API token still valid after the user account deletion. The server, not properly invalidating these stale tokens, will grant access to the `deleted_user` to the `restricted_function` endpoint.

Overview

The CVE-2025-32442 vulnerability exposes a flaw in Fastify, a widely used web framework for Node.js. This security flaw, present in versions 5.0.0 to 5.3.0, allows an attacker to bypass content type validation by subtly altering the content type. This vulnerability could lead to potential system compromise or data leakage, posing a serious risk to any web application using the affected Fastify versions.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-32442
Severity: High (CVSS: 7.5)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise or potential data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Fastify | 5.0.0 to 5.3.0

How the Exploit Works

The exploit makes use of a flaw in Fastify’s handling of content type validation. If an application specifies different validation strategies for different content types, an attacker can bypass this validation by providing a slightly altered content type. This alteration could be as simple as changing the casing or adding extra whitespace before a semicolon.

Conceptual Example Code

Here is a conceptual example of how this vulnerability might be exploited:

POST /vulnerable/endpoint HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/Json ; charset=utf-8
{ "malicious_payload": "..." }

In this example, the attacker has changed the casing of the “json” in the content type and added extra space before the semicolon. This bypasses the validation and allows the malicious payload to be processed.

Mitigation

The issue has been fully patched in Fastify version 5.3.2. Users are highly advised to update their Fastify version to this latest release. As a temporary measure, a workaround involves not specifying individual content types in the schema. Alternatively, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can serve as a temporary mitigation until the patch can be applied.