Author: Ameeba

Overview

The CVE-2025-48018 vulnerability is a significant security issue that affects various software applications. This vulnerability allows an authenticated user to modify the application’s state data, potentially leading to system compromise or data leakage. Given the severity of the vulnerability, it is critical for system administrators and security teams to understand and address this issue promptly.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-48018
Severity: High (7.5 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: Low
User Interaction: Required
Impact: System compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Product A | Version 1.0 to 2.5
Product B | Version 3.0 to 4.0

How the Exploit Works

The CVE-2025-48018 vulnerability arises when an authenticated user manipulates the state data of an application. The user can craft malicious inputs that, when processed by the application, lead to undesired changes in the application’s state data. This manipulation can result in unauthorized actions, system compromise, or confidential data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a conceptual example of how this vulnerability could be exploited. Here, the attacker, who is an authenticated user, sends a malicious payload via a POST request to a vulnerable endpoint on the target system.

POST /vulnerable/endpoint HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{
"state_data": {
"adminPrivileges": "true",
"dataAccessLevel": "all"
}
}

In this example, the attacker attempts to escalate their privileges and gain full data access rights by modifying the state data.

Mitigation

To mitigate the risks associated with this vulnerability, it is recommended to apply vendor-supplied patches as soon as they are available. In the absence of a patch, using web application firewalls (WAFs) or intrusion detection systems (IDS) can provide temporary protection by detecting and blocking attempts to exploit this vulnerability. Regularly auditing and monitoring system logs can also help in identifying any suspicious activities.

Overview

The vulnerability CVE-2025-48014 pertains to a flaw in LDAP authentication systems where password guessing limits could be bypassed, potentially leading to unauthorized access of sensitive data and system compromise. This vulnerability is especially concerning for organizations utilizing LDAP for authentication purposes as it can enable attackers to gain unauthorized access bypassing traditional security measures.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-48014
Severity: High (7.5 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

LDAP Authentication Systems | All prior versions to patch

How the Exploit Works

The exploit takes advantage of a flaw in the LDAP authentication process that does not properly enforce the password guessing limit. Thus, an attacker can continuously guess passwords without being locked out, thereby potentially gaining unauthorized access to the system.

Conceptual Example Code

Here is a conceptual example of how an attacker may attempt to exploit this vulnerability:

while true; do
for password in $(cat password_list.txt); do
echo "Trying password: $password"
ldapwhoami -H ldap://target.example.com -x -D "cn=admin,dc=example,dc=com" -w $password
done
done

In the above example, an attacker uses a script to continuously guess passwords from a precompiled list (`password_list.txt`), attempting to authenticate as the ‘admin’ user on a target LDAP server. The script will continue to guess passwords until it is manually stopped, taking advantage of the password guessing limit bypass vulnerability.

Mitigation Guidance

To mitigate this vulnerability, vendors are recommended to apply the latest patches that properly enforce the password guessing limit. As a temporary measure, organizations can utilize Web Application Firewalls (WAF) or Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) to identify and block repeated failed login attempts.

Overview

This report presents a detailed analysis of the CVE-2025-26086 vulnerability. This is a high-risk blind SQL injection vulnerability that affects the RSI Queue Management System v3.0. If exploited, it can allow attackers to remotely inject time-delayed SQL payloads without authentication, potentially leading to system compromise or data leakage.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-26086
Severity: High (CVSS Score 7.5)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage through extraction of sensitive database contents.

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

RSI Queue Management System | v3.0

How the Exploit Works

This vulnerability stems from the lack of proper sanitization of the TaskID parameter in the GET request handler of the RSI Queue Management System v3.0. An attacker can exploit this by injecting a malicious SQL payload into the TaskID parameter. The payload is time-delayed, causing the server to delay its response. This time delay allows the attacker to infer information from the database iteratively, which can lead to unauthorized access to sensitive data.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a conceptual example of how this vulnerability might be exploited:

GET /queue?TaskID=1;WAITFOR%20DELAY%20'0:0:10'%20-- HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com

In this example, the attacker injects a SQL payload (`WAITFOR DELAY ‘0:0:10’`) into the TaskID parameter, causing the server to wait for 10 seconds before responding. By monitoring the server’s response time, the attacker can infer whether the injected SQL statement was executed, allowing them to extract sensitive information from the database iteratively.

Mitigation

Users of the RSI Queue Management System v3.0 are advised to apply the vendor’s patch to fix this vulnerability. In situations where immediate patching is not feasible, temporary mitigation can be achieved by implementing a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) to detect and block malicious SQL injection attempts. Regular monitoring and updating of these security systems is also recommended to ensure continued protection.

Overview

The vulnerability CVE-2024-53359 is a significant flaw found in Zalo v23.09.01. This vulnerability allows attackers to obtain sensitive user information through a precisely crafted GET request. It is of particular concern to Zalo users and service providers due to its potential for system compromise and data leakage.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2024-53359
Severity: High (7.5 CVSS)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise and potential data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Zalo | v23.09.01

How the Exploit Works

The exploit works by allowing an attacker to craft a specific GET request. This request, when processed by Zalo v23.09.01, exposes sensitive user information that should not be accessible. The vulnerability lies in the improper handling of GET requests, leading to unintended access to protected data.

Conceptual Example Code

Here is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited using a GET request:

GET /user/data HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
User-Agent: ZaloClient/23.09.01
Accept: application/json

This GET request could be used by an attacker to retrieve sensitive user data which should otherwise be inaccessible.

Mitigation

The immediate mitigation is to apply the vendor’s patch. If the patch is not available or cannot be applied immediately, use a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) as a temporary solution to detect and block malicious requests. It is strongly recommended to review and update security policies to prevent future vulnerabilities.

Overview

The vulnerability CVE-2025-41230 is a significant cybersecurity concern for users of VMware Cloud Foundation. It is an information disclosure vulnerability that allows malicious agents with network access to port 443 to exploit the issue and gain access to sensitive system information. Given the ubiquity of VMware Cloud Foundation, this vulnerability could potentially impact a substantial number of systems and networks, leading to unauthorized information access and potential system compromise.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-41230
Severity: High – 7.5 (CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System Compromise, Data Leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

VMware Cloud Foundation | All versions prior to the patched release

How the Exploit Works

The exploit takes advantage of a security lapse in VMware Cloud Foundation’s port 443. A malicious actor with network access can send specially crafted requests to this port to trigger the vulnerability and gain access to sensitive information. The information disclosed could potentially be used to compromise the system further or lead to data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

The following is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited:

GET /sensitive-endpoint HTTP/1.1
Host: targetvmwarefoundation.com

The above is a simple request to a potentially vulnerable endpoint. In this case, the malicious actor does not need any special privileges or user interaction, making it a notably high-risk vulnerability.

Mitigation Guidance

Users of VMware Cloud Foundation are strongly advised to apply the vendor patch as soon as it becomes available. In the meantime, or if patching is not immediately possible, implementing a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can serve as temporary mitigation, offering some protection against attempts to exploit this vulnerability.

Overview

This report provides a detailed analysis of a critical vulnerability, CVE-2025-30193, in DNSdist. DNSdist is a highly DNS, DoS and abuse aware load balancer. This vulnerability affects all systems running unpatched versions of DNSdist and has significant implications, including the potential for system compromise or data leakage. It is vital for all users to understand the risks associated with this vulnerability and apply the necessary mitigation strategies.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-30193
Severity: High (CVSS: 7.5)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

DNSdist | All versions before 1.9.10

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability arises when DNSdist is configured to allow an unlimited number of queries on a single, incoming TCP connection from a client. In such scenarios, an attacker can craft a TCP exchange that triggers an exhaustion of the stack and a subsequent crash of DNSdist. This crash results in a denial of service, which can potentially lead to system compromise or data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

A conceptual example of exploiting the vulnerability involves sending a large number of queries on a single TCP connection. This could hypothetically look like this:

for i in {1..1000000}
do
echo "query $i" | nc target.example.com 53
done

This bash script sends a million queries to the DNSdist server, which, if configured to allow an unlimited number of queries, could lead to stack exhaustion and a crash.

Remediation Steps

Users are advised to upgrade to the patched 1.9.10 version of DNSdist. In the event where an upgrade is not immediately possible, a workaround is to restrict the maximum number of queries on incoming TCP connections to a safe value, like 50, via the setMaxTCPQueriesPerConnection setting.
Additionally, deploying a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can serve as temporary mitigation.
We would like to thank Renaud Allard for bringing this issue to our attention.

Overview

CVE-2025-47944 is a serious vulnerability in Multer, a middleware for Node.js, used in handling `multipart/form-data`. It affects versions 1.4.4-lts.1 and earlier, causing potential system compromise or data leakage. This vulnerability is significant due to its potential impact on system availability, should an attacker exploit it to trigger a Denial of Service (DoS) attack.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-47944
Severity: High (7.5 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Remote
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Multer Middleware for Node.js | 1.4.4-lts.1 and prior

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability exists due to the way Multer processes malformed multi-part upload requests. An attacker can send a specially crafted multi-part upload request that triggers an unhandled exception in Multer, leading to a crash of the process. This results in a DoS situation, disrupting the availability of the service.

Conceptual Example Code

An attacker could potentially exploit this vulnerability by sending a malformed multi-part upload request as shown in the conceptual example below:

POST /upload/endpoint HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: multipart/form-data; boundary=badboundary
--badboundary
Content-Disposition: form-data; name="file"; filename="malicious_file"
Content-Type: application/octet-stream
{ "malicious_payload": "..." }
--badboundary--

In this hypothetical example, the `boundary` parameter within the `Content-Type` header is malformed, which could cause Multer to throw an unhandled exception and crash the process.

Overview

The vulnerability CVE-2025-47935 pertains to Multer, a node.js middleware for handling multipart/form-data. This vulnerability potentially affects all users of Multer that process file uploads. The issue arises from poor stream handling, leading to a resource exhaustion and memory leak, which could result in a denial of service and necessitate manual server restarts. This is a significant threat as it could result in potential system compromise or data leakage.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-47935
Severity: High (7.5)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Denial of Service, Potential System Compromise, Data Leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Multer | Less than 2.0.0

How the Exploit Works

The exploit takes advantage of a flaw in Multer versions prior to 2.0.0. When the HTTP request stream emits an error, the internal ‘busboy’ stream is not properly closed. This violates Node.js’ stream safety guidance. Over time, the accumulation of these unclosed streams leads to memory and file descriptor consumption, causing a resource exhaustion and memory leak. Under sustained or repeated failure conditions, this can result in a denial of service attack.

Conceptual Example Code

This conceptual example demonstrates a simple request that could trigger the vulnerability:

POST /upload HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: multipart/form-data; boundary=----WebKitFormBoundary7MA4YWxkTrZu0gW
------WebKitFormBoundary7MA4YWxkTrZu0gW
Content-Disposition: form-data; name="file"; filename="malicious_file.txt"
Content-Type: text/plain
[Malicious content]
------WebKitFormBoundary7MA4YWxkTrZu0gW--

After this request, an error is emitted, leading to an unclosed stream, which if repeated could lead to a denial of service.

Overview

The CVE-2025-39451 is a critical cybersecurity vulnerability that affects the Crocoblock JetBlocks for Elementor plugin. This vulnerability, classified as a Missing Authorization flaw, can allow malicious actors to access functionalities that are not properly constrained by Access Control Lists (ACLs). Such a vulnerability could potentially compromise systems or leak sensitive data, posing a significant risk to websites using affected versions of the plugin.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-39451
Severity: High (7.5 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Crocoblock JetBlocks For Elementor | n/a – 1.3.16

How the Exploit Works

The CVE-2025-39451 vulnerability is caused by an oversight in the authorization process of the Crocoblock JetBlocks for Elementor plugin. This allows malicious users to bypass the ACLs and gain unauthorized access to certain functionalities. They can then manipulate these functionalities to compromise the system or extract sensitive data.

Conceptual Example Code

An attacker might exploit this vulnerability by sending a malicious HTTP request to the vulnerable endpoint, as demonstrated in the conceptual example below:

POST /vulnerable/endpoint HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{ "malicious_payload": "bypass_acl" }

In the above example, “bypass_acl” is a placeholder for a real exploit code that manipulates the vulnerable functionality.

Mitigation Guidance

Users are strongly encouraged to apply the vendor patch as soon as it becomes available. In the meantime, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can provide temporary mitigation against potential exploits.

Overview

The CVE-2025-39449 pertains to a missing authorization vulnerability in Crocoblock JetWooBuilder. This vulnerability could potentially lead to system compromise or data leakage, affecting versions up to and including 2.1.18 of JetWooBuilder. It’s a serious security flaw that requires immediate attention due to its ability to bypass Access Control Lists (ACLs).

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-39449
Severity: High (7.5)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Crocoblock JetWooBuilder | Up to and including 2.1.18

How the Exploit Works

The exploit takes advantage of the missing authorization checks in JetWooBuilder. This oversight allows malicious actors to access certain functionalities that should have been constrained by ACLs. With this unauthorized access, the attacker could potentially compromise the system or cause data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

The following is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited. This could be done via a HTTP request, which might look something like this:

POST /jetwoobuilder/vulnerable_endpoint HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{ "malicious_payload": "payload_that_exploits_missing_authorization" }

Mitigation Guidance

The primary mitigation for this vulnerability is to apply the vendor patch. For temporary mitigation, users can use Web Application Firewalls (WAF) or Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS).