Author: Ameeba

Overview

The CVE-2024-13322 identifies a crucial SQL injection vulnerability in the Ads Pro Plugin – Multi-Purpose WordPress Advertising Manager for WordPress. This vulnerability affects all versions up to, and including, 4.88. An unauthenticated attacker could exploit this vulnerability to manipulate SQL queries to extract sensitive information from the database, leading to potential system compromise or data leakage.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2024-13322
Severity: High (7.5 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network (via ‘a_id’ parameter)
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Ads Pro Plugin – Multi-Purpose WordPress Advertising Manager | Versions up to and including 4.88

How the Exploit Works

The exploit works by an attacker injecting arbitrary SQL code into the ‘a_id’ parameter. This parameter is not properly sanitized before being used in SQL queries, allowing an attacker to manipulate the queries performed by the plugin, and thus extract sensitive data from the database or perform other unauthorized database operations.

Conceptual Example Code

Here is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited. This is a sample HTTP request:

GET /wp-content/plugins/ads-pro-plugin/ads.php?a_id=1 UNION SELECT 1,username,password FROM wp_users WHERE id=1 HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com

This request attempts to inject a UNION SELECT SQL query into the ‘a_id’ parameter. If successful, this would result in the username and password of the first user (typically the administrator) being returned in the response.

Mitigation Guidance

Users are advised to apply the vendor patch as soon as it’s available. In the meantime, they can protect their systems by using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) to detect and block SQL injection attempts.

Overview

This report discusses a critical vulnerability, CVE-2024-48907, that affects the application server API of Sematell ReplyOne 7.4.3.0. The vulnerability exposes the system to a Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF) attack, posing a significant threat to data security and system integrity. The potentially affected entities include organizations and individuals utilizing the said version of Sematell ReplyOne.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2024-48907
Severity: High (7.5)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise and data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Sematell ReplyOne | 7.4.3.0

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability enables an attacker to craft malicious requests to the application server API of Sematell ReplyOne 7.4.3.0. The crafted requests can manipulate the server into executing unauthorized calls to internal resources, potentially leading to system compromise or data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a conceptual example of how an attacker might exploit the vulnerability:

POST /server/api HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{
"url": "file:///etc/passwd"
}

In the above example, an attacker uses a malicious payload to trick the server into retrieving sensitive system files, which could then be leaked or used for further attacks.

Mitigation Guidance

To mitigate this vulnerability, it is recommended to apply the vendor’s patch once it becomes available. In the meantime, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can serve as temporary mitigation, potentially preventing the exploitation of this vulnerability.

Overview

CVE-2025-33074 is a significant security vulnerability that affects Microsoft Azure Functions. It involves improper verification of cryptographic signatures that could allow an authorized attacker to execute arbitrary code over a network. The vulnerability carries high severity due to its potential to compromise systems and result in data leakage, posing a critical risk to any organization using the affected versions of Microsoft Azure Functions.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-33074
Severity: High (7.5 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: Low
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise and potential data leakage.

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Microsoft Azure Functions | All versions prior to patch release

How the Exploit Works

The exploit works by the attacker taking advantage of the improper verification of cryptographic signatures in Microsoft Azure Functions. An attacker with low-level privileges can manipulate the cryptographic signatures, allowing them to execute arbitrary code on the system over a network. This could potentially lead to system compromise or data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

Here is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited. This is a sample HTTP request that an attacker might send:

POST /azure-functions/endpoint HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{ "malicious_payload": "manipulated_crypto_signature" }

In this example, the attacker is sending a manipulated cryptographic signature as part of a malicious payload in the HTTP request to the Azure Functions endpoint. If the system does not properly verify the signature, it could lead to arbitrary code execution.

Mitigation Guidance

Users are advised to apply the latest vendor patch provided by Microsoft for Azure Functions. If the patch cannot be applied immediately, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) as temporary mitigation can help prevent exploitation. Regular system audits and monitoring can also help detect any unauthorized activities related to this vulnerability.

Overview

This report discusses CVE-2025-27409, a significant path traversal vulnerability identified in Joplin Server. The vulnerability, present in versions prior to 3.3.3, exposes users to potential system compromise and data leakage. As a popular open-source note-taking and to-do application, Joplin’s vulnerability could impact a substantial number of users and their sensitive data, underlining the importance of understanding and mitigating this security flaw.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-27409
Severity: High (7.5)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Joplin Server | Prior to 3.3.3

How the Exploit Works

The path traversal vulnerability exists in Joplin Server’s handling of file paths that start with `css/pluginAssets` or `js/pluginAssets`. Specifically, the `findLocalFile` function in the default route calls `localFileFromUrl` to check for special `pluginAssets` paths. If a path is returned, the result is directly returned without checking for path traversal. This oversight allows an attacker to manipulate file paths to access files outside the intended directories and hence, potentially compromise the system or leak data.

Conceptual Example Code

A conceptual example of exploiting this vulnerability could involve an HTTP request designed to manipulate the `pluginAssets` path. This would look something like:

GET /css/pluginAssets/../../../../etc/passwd HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com

In this example, the `../../../../etc/passwd` is used to traverse up the directory tree to an unintended location, potentially reading sensitive system files.

Mitigation Guidance

Users are strongly advised to apply the vendor patch by updating to Joplin Server version 3.3.3 or newer, which contains a fix for the issue. As a temporary mitigation, users can employ a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) to detect and block malicious path traversal attempts.

Overview

The cybersecurity community has recently identified a notable vulnerability in the “Proxy” functionality of the ctrlX OS web application. This vulnerability, known as CVE-2025-24346, presents a threat to users who have authenticated access to the system, offering low-level attackers the opportunity to manipulate the system’s “/etc/environment” file through a specially crafted HTTP request. This could potentially lead to system compromise or data leakage.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-24346
Severity: High (7.5 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: Low
User Interaction: Required
Impact: System compromise and potential data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

ctrlX OS | All versions prior to patch

How the Exploit Works

The exploit takes advantage of the “Proxy” functionality in the ctrlX OS web application. A remote attacker with authenticated access to the system can craft a specific HTTP request that, when processed by the application, results in the manipulation of the “/etc/environment” file. This action can alter the system behaviors or potentially leak sensitive data.

Conceptual Example Code

Here is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited:

POST /proxy/endpoint HTTP/1.1
Host: target.ctrlx-os.com
Content-Type: application/json
Authorization: Bearer [User's Authenticated Token]
{ "target_file": "/etc/environment", "alteration": "malicious_change" }

This request, when processed by the vulnerable application, would result in the “/etc/environment” file being manipulated as per the attacker’s intentions.

Mitigation Strategies

Users are strongly advised to apply the vendor patch as soon as it becomes available. Until then, the use of a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can serve as temporary mitigation, helping to monitor and block any potentially malicious HTTP requests.

Overview

CVE-2025-30202 is a critical vulnerability affecting vLLM, a high-throughput and memory-efficient inference and serving engine. It exposes the system to potential denial of service (DoS) attacks and data leakage via ZeroMQ in multi-node vLLM deployment. This vulnerability poses a significant threat to all entities utilizing vLLM versions from 0.5.2 and prior to 0.8.5. It is noteworthy due to its potential to compromise system integrity and confidentiality.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-30202
Severity: High (7.5)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise and data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

vLLM | 0.5.2 to 0.8.4

How the Exploit Works

In a multi-node vLLM deployment, vLLM makes use of ZeroMQ for certain multi-node communication functions. The primary vLLM host opens an XPUB ZeroMQ socket and binds it to all interfaces. While the socket is typically opened for a multi-node deployment, it is only utilized when conducting tensor parallelism across multiple hosts.
Any client with network access to this host can connect to this XPUB socket unless its port is blocked by a firewall. Once connected, these arbitrary clients will receive all of the same data broadcasted to all of the secondary vLLM hosts. This data is internal vLLM state information that is not useful to an attacker. However, by potentially connecting to this socket many times and not reading the data published to them, an attacker can cause a DoS attack by slowing down or potentially blocking the publisher.

Conceptual Example Code

The following conceptual code represents how an attacker might continuously connect to the XPUB socket without reading the data, leading to potential DoS:

import zmq
context = zmq.Context()
socket = context.socket(zmq.SUB)
socket.connect("tcp://target_host:target_port")
while True:
# Continuously connect without reading the data
socket.recv_string(flags=zmq.NOBLOCK)

Overview

CVE-2024-57698 is a critical cybersecurity vulnerability affecting the modernwms v.1.0 software. It exposes the MD5 hash of the administrator password and other sensitive attributes to potential attackers without the need for authentication. This vulnerability poses a serious threat to all systems using modernwms v.1.0, leading to potential system compromise or data leakage if exploited.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2024-57698
Severity: High (CVSS: 7.5)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Unauthorized access to sensitive data, potential system compromise

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

modernwms | v.1.0

How the Exploit Works

The exploit works by making a simple unauthenticated HTTP request to the /user/list?culture=en-us endpoint of the modernwms system. This endpoint fails to enforce adequate access control, allowing the attacker to view sensitive data, including the MD5 hash of the administrator password.

Conceptual Example Code

An example of how this vulnerability might be exploited is shown below:

GET /user/list?culture=en-us HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com

Upon executing this request, the attacker would receive a response containing the MD5 hash of the administrator password and other sensitive attributes.

Mitigation Guidance

To mitigate this vulnerability, users of modernwms v.1.0 should apply the vendor’s patch as soon as it becomes available. In the meantime, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can serve as a temporary mitigation measure.

Overview

The CVE-2025-30194 vulnerability pertains to DNSdist, a highly DNS, DoS, and abuse-aware load balancer. When configured to provide DNS over HTTPS (DoH) via the nghttp2 provider, it is susceptible to an attack that can trigger an illegal memory access (double-free) and crash of DNSdist. This results in a denial of service, potentially compromising the system or leading to data leakage. It’s of critical importance due to its high severity score and the potential for system-wide impacts.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-30194
Severity: High (7.5 CVSS score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

DNSdist | All versions before 1.9.9

How the Exploit Works

The exploit works by an attacker crafting a DNS over HTTPS (DoH) exchange that triggers an illegal memory access (double-free) in DNSdist. This causes a crash of DNSdist, leading to a denial of service. This can potentially compromise the system or lead to data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

Given that the nature of this exploit is DNS-based and not typically linked with a distinct payload, a conceptual example of how this vulnerability might be exploited is not straightforward. However, the attack would likely involve a maliciously crafted DNS query sent over HTTPS, which would be designed to trigger the illegal memory access.

POST /dns-query HTTP/1.1
Host: vulnerable-dnsdist.example.com
Content-Type: application/dns-message
{ "malicious_dns_query": "..." }

Remediation

The recommended remediation is to upgrade DNSdist to the patched version 1.9.9. As a temporary workaround, users can switch to the h2o provider until DNSdist has been upgraded to a fixed version. Alternatively, apply a vendor patch or use a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) as temporary mitigation.

Overview

CVE-2025-32470 represents a significant vulnerability that can allow a remote, unauthenticated attacker to manipulate the IP address of the device, consequently disrupting its availability. This vulnerability poses a direct threat to businesses and individual users alike, as it can potentially compromise system integrity, resulting in potential data leakage.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-32470
Severity: High (7.5 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise, potential data leakage due to unauthorized IP address change.

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Device Firmware | Version 1.0 to 1.4.7

How the Exploit Works

An attacker exploiting this vulnerability would send specially crafted network packets to the device. These packets deceive the device into changing its own IP address. This disruption in the network address can cause the device to become unavailable or behave unpredictably, potentially leading to system compromise or data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a conceptual example of how the exploit might work. This example illustrates how an attacker could potentially manipulate a device’s IP address using a malicious HTTP POST request:

POST /api/device HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{ "ip_address": "192.0.2.0" }

In this example, the attacker sends a POST request to the device’s API endpoint, providing a new IP address (`192.0.2.0`). The device, upon receiving this request, changes its IP address, thereby allowing the attacker to disrupt its availability.

Mitigation Guidance

Users are advised to apply the latest vendor-supplied patches for their devices. In case patches are not available, users should implement a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) as a temporary mitigation measure to monitor and block malicious traffic. Regularly updating and maintaining security infrastructure is paramount in preventing such vulnerabilities from being exploited.

Overview

The vulnerability CVE-2025-32986 is a serious cybersecurity threat affecting NETSCOUT nGeniusONE versions before 6.4.0 b2350. It allows unauthorized access to sensitive files, potentially leading to system compromise or data leakage. This report will provide a detailed analysis of the vulnerability, its impacts, and methods for mitigation.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-32986
Severity: High (CVSS: 7.5)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise and potential data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

NETSCOUT nGeniusONE | Before 6.4.0 b2350

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability stems from a lack of proper authentication checks on certain endpoints in the nGeniusONE system. An attacker can send a specially crafted request to these vulnerable endpoints to gain unauthorized access to sensitive files. This can lead to a potential system compromise and data leakage if the files contain sensitive information.

Conceptual Example Code

Here is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited:

GET /sensitive-file-endpoint HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com

This is a simple HTTP GET request that an attacker could potentially use to access a sensitive file without proper authentication. The actual exploit would likely involve more complex interactions and manipulation of the request parameters to bypass any existing security controls and access the desired file.

Recommended Mitigation

To mitigate this vulnerability, users are advised to update their NETSCOUT nGeniusONE systems to version 6.4.0 b2350 or later, where the issue has been resolved. If this is not possible, a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can be used as a temporary mitigation measure. These systems can monitor and limit access to the vulnerable endpoints until the software can be updated.