Author: Ameeba

Overview

A critical SQL Injection vulnerability has been identified in the PuneethReddyHC Online Shopping System Advanced 1.0. The vulnerability, indexed as CVE-2025-51970, exists in the action.php endpoint and can be exploited through the improper sanitization of user-supplied input in the keyword POST parameter. This vulnerability presents a significant threat as it could potentially lead to a system compromise or data leakage.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-51970
Severity: Critical (CVSS: 7.7)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: Required
Impact: System compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

PuneethReddyHC Online Shopping System Advanced | 1.0

How the Exploit Works

A hacker exploiting this vulnerability would send a specially crafted POST request to the action.php endpoint of the Online Shopping System. The hacker would use the keyword POST parameter to inject SQL commands in the request, exploiting the lack of input sanitization. These injected commands could then be executed by the application’s database, potentially leading to unauthorized read or write access to sensitive data.

Conceptual Example Code

Here’s a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited:

POST /action.php HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
keyword=' OR '1'='1'; DROP TABLE customers; --

This example uses the SQL Injection to trick the application into executing a command that drops (deletes) the ‘customers’ table from the database. In a real-world scenario, the injected commands could be tailored to extract sensitive data or execute other malicious actions.

Mitigation and Prevention

Users are urged to apply the vendor’s patch as soon as possible to address this vulnerability. In the meantime, a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can be used as temporary mitigation. It’s also crucial to always sanitize user-supplied input to prevent such vulnerabilities in the future.

Overview

This report highlights a critical vulnerability, CVE-2025-54531, identified within JetBrains TeamCity versions prior to 2025.07. This vulnerability, targeting Windows systems, enables an attacker to execute path traversal attacks during plugin unpacking, potentially leading to system compromise or data leakage. Given the high severity of this vulnerability, an urgent response from the affected users is required.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-54531
Severity: High – 7.7 CVSS Score
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

JetBrains TeamCity | Before 2025.07

How the Exploit Works

The exploit takes advantage of a path traversal flaw in JetBrains TeamCity. When a plugin is being unpacked on a Windows system, it does not properly sanitize file paths. An attacker can craft a malicious plugin that, when unpacked, would allow files to be written outside of the intended directory, potentially overwriting critical system files or accessing sensitive information.

Conceptual Example Code

The following is a
conceptual
example of how the vulnerability might be exploited. An attacker could send a malicious plugin with a crafted path, like this:

POST /plugin/upload HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/octet-stream
Content-Disposition: form-data; name="file"; filename="../../../../Windows/System32/malicious.dll"
{ "malicious_payload": "..." }

In this example, the malicious plugin is named ‘malicious.dll’ and is placed in the Windows System32 folder. When the plugin is unpacked, the malicious code is executed, leading to a potential system compromise.

Mitigation

Users are advised to immediately apply the vendor-provided patch to fix this vulnerability. If the patch cannot be applied immediately, a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can be used as temporary mitigation. However, these are not long-term solutions and the patch should be applied as soon as it is feasible.

Overview

A severe vulnerability identified as CVE-2025-47281 has been discovered in the Kyverno policy engine, a tool often utilized by cloud-native platform engineering teams. This flaw, affecting versions 1.14.1 and below, could allow attackers to cause a Denial of Service (DoS), potentially leading to system compromise or data leakage.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-47281
Severity: High (7.7 CVSS)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: Low
User Interaction: None
Impact: Denial of Service, potential system compromise, and data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Kyverno Policy Engine | 1.14.1 and below

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability arises due to the improper handling of JMESPath variable substitutions in Kyverno. Attackers with permissions to create or update Kyverno policies can craft expressions using the {{@}} variable combined with a pipe and an invalid JMESPath function. This leads to a nil value being substituted into the policy structure. Subsequent processing by internal functions, specifically getValueAsStringMap, which expect string values, result in a panic due to a type assertion failure. This crashes Kyverno worker threads in the admission controller and causes continuous crashes of the reports controller pod.

Conceptual Example Code

Consider the following example of a malicious policy:

apiVersion: kyverno.io/v1
kind: ClusterPolicy
metadata:
name: exploit-cve-2025-47281
spec:
rules:
- name: exploit
match:
resources:
kinds:
- Pod
mutate:
overlay:
spec:
containers:
- (name): "*"
resources:
limits:
cpu: "{{@ | non_existent_function }}"

In this example, the attacker crafts a malicious expression (`{{@ | non_existent_function }}`) that leads to a nil value being substituted into the policy structure, triggering the vulnerability.

Overview

This report discusses the details of a discovered vulnerability, CVE-2025-4439, found in GitLab CE/EE versions ranging from 15.10 to 18.2.1. This vulnerability presents a significant risk as it allows an authenticated user to perform cross-site scripting (XSS) attacks when the instance is served through certain content delivery networks (CDNs). Given the widespread use of GitLab for version control and project management, it is crucial for organizations to understand and mitigate this risk.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-4439
Severity: High (7.7 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: Low
User Interaction: Required
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

GitLab CE/EE | 15.10 – 18.0.4
GitLab CE/EE | 18.1 – 18.1.2
GitLab CE/EE | 18.2 – 18.2.0

How the Exploit Works

CVE-2025-4439 exploits a flaw in the handling of certain CDNs by the GitLab instance. An authenticated user can inject malicious scripts into the web application, which are then executed in the user’s browser when they access the web app through the affected CDNs. This is a classic Cross-Site Scripting attack, a common web security vulnerability.

Conceptual Example Code

POST /vulnerable/cdn HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{
"script": "<script>malicious_code_here</script>"
}

This is a conceptual example demonstrating how the payload with malicious script might be sent to the vulnerable endpoint.

Mitigation Guidance

To mitigate this vulnerability, users are advised to immediately apply the vendor patch when available. As a temporary mitigation, users can employ Web Application Firewalls (WAFs) or Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) to detect and prevent exploitation of this vulnerability.

Overview

This report discusses a serious vulnerability in Devolutions Server, designated as CVE-2025-6741. This vulnerability, if exploited, can compromise data and system integrity by allowing unauthorized access to sensitive information via the secure message entry attachment feature. The vulnerability impacts both businesses and individual users utilizing affected versions of Devolutions Server, underscoring the urgency of its mitigation.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-6741
Severity: High (7.7 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: Low (Authenticated User)
User Interaction: Required
Impact: Unauthorized access to sensitive data, potential system compromise

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Devolutions Server | 2025.2.2.0 through 2025.2.4.0
Devolutions Server | 2025.1.11.0 and earlier

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability arises from an improper access control mechanism in the secure message component of Devolutions Server. An authenticated user could exploit this vulnerability by sending a specially crafted request to the secure message entry attachment feature. By doing so, they could gain unauthorized access to sensitive data, leading to potential system compromise or data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

POST /secure_message/attachment_entry HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Authorization: Bearer {user_token}
{
"entry_id": "{unauthorized_entry_id}",
"attachment_data": "{malicious_payload}"
}

In this conceptual example, an authenticated user sends a POST request to the `attachment_entry` endpoint of the `secure_message` component. The user includes an `entry_id` for an entry to which they do not have legitimate access, and `attachment_data` that represents a malicious payload. This unauthorized action is made possible due to the improper access control mechanism in place.

Overview

The vulnerability CVE-2025-6523 pertains to the use of weak credentials in the emergency authentication component of Devolutions Server. This vulnerability affects a broad range of Devolutions Server versions and allows an unauthenticated attacker to exploit the system by brute forcing short emergency codes. The potential impact could lead to system compromise or data leakage, posing significant risk to organizations.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-6523
Severity: High (7.7 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Devolutions Server | 2025.2.2.0 through 2025.2.3.0
Devolutions Server | 2025.1.11.0 and earlier

How the Exploit Works

The exploit takes advantage of the weak emergency authentication codes generated by the Devolutions Server. An unauthenticated attacker can systematically try all possible combinations of these short emergency codes in a feasible timeframe. Once the correct code is found, the attacker can bypass authentication, gaining access to the system.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited. This pseudocode represents an attacker’s brute force attempt to crack the emergency code:

import requests
# Define the target URL
url = 'http://target.example.com/auth/emergency'
# Define a range for brute forcing the emergency codes
for code in range(1000, 9999):  # Adjust this range based on the code length
# Define the malicious payload
payload = {'emergency_code': str(code)}
# Make a POST request to the vulnerable endpoint
response = requests.post(url, data=payload)
# Check if the authentication was successful
if 'Authentication successful' in response.text:
print(f'Successful authentication with code: {code}')
break

Overview

The vulnerability CVE-2025-50069 is a serious threat that affects the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) component of the Oracle Database Server. This vulnerability exposes certain versions of the Oracle Database Server to potential system compromise or data leakage by low privileged attackers. The severity and widespread use of the affected software make this vulnerability a significant concern for businesses and organizations alike.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-50069
Severity: Critical (CVSS 3.1 Base Score 7.7)
Attack Vector: Network (Oracle Net)
Privileges Required: Low (Create Session, Create Procedure)
User Interaction: None
Impact: Unauthorized access to critical data or complete access to all Java VM accessible data

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Oracle Database Server (Java VM Component) | 19.3 to 19.27, 21.3 to 21.18

How the Exploit Works

An attacker exploiting this vulnerability would leverage a flaw in the Java VM component of the Oracle Database Server. The attacker, even with low privileges (having Create Session, Create Procedure privilege), can exploit this vulnerability over a network using Oracle Net. Successful exploitation can allow the attacker to gain unauthorized access to critical data or achieve complete access to all data that the Java VM can access.

Conceptual Example Code

// Connect to the Oracle Database Server
OracleDataSource ods = new OracleDataSource();
ods.setURL("jdbc:oracle:thin:@target.oracle.server:1521:orcl");
ods.setUser("low_privileged_user");
ods.setPassword("password");
// Create a session and a malicious procedure
Connection conn = ods.getConnection();
Statement stmt = conn.createStatement();
stmt.execute("CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE malicious_procedure AS BEGIN EXECUTE IMMEDIATE 'malicious_payload'; END;");
stmt.close();
conn.close();

In the above conceptual example, a low privileged user creates a malicious procedure that carries out the attack. The malicious payload would be specifically crafted to exploit the vulnerability in the Java VM, leading to unauthorized data access.

Overview

The CVE-2025-50109 vulnerability represents a serious risk to systems running Emerson ValveLink Products, which have been discovered to store sensitive information in cleartext. This vulnerability could potentially be accessible to another control sphere and may lead to severe data leakage or even full system compromise. The rapid mitigation of this flaw is of utmost importance to ensure the security of all affected systems.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-50109
Severity: High (7.7 CVSS score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: Low
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise and data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Emerson ValveLink | Versions prior to 2025

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability arises from improper storage of sensitive information in cleartext. An attacker with network access could exploit this flaw by intercepting the data as it is being transmitted or by accessing the resource where the information is stored. The vulnerability does not require any user interaction and requires only low-level privileges, making it easy for an attacker to exploit.

Conceptual Example Code

This is a conceptual example of how an attacker might exploit this vulnerability, by making a network request to access the resource where the sensitive data is stored:

GET /resource/containing/sensitive/data HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com

Upon receiving the response, the attacker could easily read the sensitive data, as it is stored in cleartext.

Mitigation Guidance

Users of affected versions of Emerson ValveLink products are advised to apply the vendor patch immediately to mitigate this vulnerability. In cases where immediate patching is not possible, the use of a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can provide temporary mitigation. However, these are not long-term solutions and can only minimize the risk of exploitation. The only definitive solution is to apply the patch provided by the vendor.

Overview

The Emerson ValveLink products have been found to be vulnerable to a significant cybersecurity issue identified as CVE-2025-46358. This vulnerability arises due to the improper use or complete lack of a necessary protection mechanism that should provide a sufficient defense against directed cyber attacks. It directly affects companies using Emerson’s ValveLink products, potentially leading to system compromise or data leakage, which could have serious financial and reputational implications.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-46358
Severity: High (7.7 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: Low
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise and data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Emerson ValveLink | All versions prior to patch

How the Exploit Works

The exploit takes advantage of the improper or missing protection mechanism in Emerson’s ValveLink products. An attacker can craft and send specially designed network packets to the product. These packets, when processed, cause the system to behave unpredictably. This could potentially allow the attacker to gain unauthorized access to the system, compromise it, or even cause data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

The conceptual example below demonstrates how an attacker may exploit the vulnerability, using a maliciously crafted network packet.

POST /valvelink/endpoint HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{ "exploit_payload": "crafted_malicious_code" }

The above payload, when processed by an unpatched ValveLink system, could allow an attacker to manipulate the system behaviour, leading to potential system compromise or data leakage.

Mitigation

The best mitigation approach is to apply the vendor-supplied patch immediately. If this is not possible, implementing a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can serve as a temporary mitigation method. However, this will not provide a comprehensive solution and the system will remain potentially vulnerable until the patch is applied.

Overview

This report focuses on the CVE-2025-53542, a critical vulnerability identified in the Kubernetes Headlamp project, an extensible web UI designed for Kubernetes. The vulnerability allows for command injection, which can lead to system compromise or data leakage. This issue is of particular concern due to the widespread use of Kubernetes in the tech industry, putting numerous systems at potential risk.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-53542
Severity: High (7.7 CVSS score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: Low
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise and data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Kubernetes Headlamp | Up to 0.31.0

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability stems from the misuse of Node.js’s execSync() function in the codeSign.js script, which is part of the macOS packaging workflow. This function executes a shell command with the provided arguments. The parameters ${teamID}, ${entitlementsPath}, and ${config.app} are sourced dynamically from the environment or application config and are supplied to the command without proper sanitization or argument separation. If these values contain malicious input, it can lead to command injection, allowing an attacker to execute arbitrary commands on the system.

Conceptual Example Code

Imagine an attacker has control over the ${teamID} environment variable and sets its value to `;rm -rf /`. The command executed with execSync() would then be equivalent to the following:

require('child_process').execSync('codesign --force --sign ${teamID} --entitlements ${entitlementsPath} ${config.app}');
//Equivalent to:
require('child_process').execSync('codesign --force --sign ;rm -rf / --entitlements ${entitlementsPath} ${config.app}');

This would result in the deletion of all files in the system’s root directory, demonstrating the potential destructive power of this vulnerability.

Mitigation Guidance

The vulnerability has been fixed in version 0.31.1 of Kubernetes Headlamp. Users are strongly advised to update to this version or later. If update is not possible, the use of a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can serve as a temporary mitigation method.