Author: Ameeba

Overview

This report details the CVE-2025-26621 vulnerability that affects OpenCTI, an open-source platform utilized for managing cyber threat intelligence knowledge and observables. The vulnerability is significant due to the potential it carries for system compromise or data leakage, leading to serious consequences for organizations that leverage OpenCTI.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-26621
Severity: High (7.6 CVSS score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: Low
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage, denial of service

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

OpenCTI | Prior to 6.5.2

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability arises from the ability of any user with manage customizations privileges to edit webhook that can execute JavaScript code. If this capability is exploited by a malicious actor, it can lead to prototype pollution that can cause a denial of service attack. This results in the node js server running the OpenCTI frontend becoming unavailable.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited. This example depicts a malicious payload within a HTTP request.

POST /webhook/edit HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{ "webhook": "malicious_javascript_code" }

The “malicious_javascript_code” would be designed to trigger prototype pollution, leading to a denial-of-service condition on the server.

Mitigation

The most recommended mitigation strategy involves applying the patch provided by the vendor, which is available in version 6.5.2 of OpenCTI. Alternatively, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can offer temporary mitigation. However, these should not replace the necessary action of upgrading to a patched version of OpenCTI to permanently resolve the vulnerability.

Overview

CVE-2025-48280 is a critical vulnerability that affects Ruben Garcia AutomatorWP. It involves an SQL Injection flaw that enables potential attackers to compromise systems or leak sensitive data. This vulnerability is highly significant as it exposes sensitive data, potentially leading to unauthorized access or manipulation of data.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-48280
Severity: High (7.6 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: Low
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Ruben Garcia AutomatorWP | n/a through 5.2.1.3

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability exploits the improper neutralization of special elements used in an SQL command within Ruben Garcia AutomatorWP. This allows an attacker to perform a Blind SQL Injection attack. The attacker can manipulate SQL queries in the application’s database by inputting malicious SQL statements into user input fields.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited:

POST /login HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
username=admin' OR '1'='1';--&password=irrelevant

In this example, the attacker uses a classic SQL injection payload to trick the login system into returning a true statement, granting them access.

Mitigation Guidance

Users of affected versions are advised to apply the vendor patch as soon as possible to mitigate the risk. If the patch cannot be applied immediately, users should consider using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) as temporary mitigation. Regularly updating and patching software, as well as implementing secure coding practices, can help prevent this type of vulnerability.

Overview

The Tiiwee X1 Alarm System TWX1HAKV2 has been identified with a critical vulnerability, CVE-2025-30072, which allows for Authentication Bypass by Capture-replay. This potential security flaw could lead to unauthorized physical access to protected facilities without triggering an alarm, posing a significant risk to security and privacy.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-30072
Severity: High (7.6 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Authentication bypass leading to unauthorized physical access to protected facilities

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Tiiwee X1 Alarm System | TWX1HAKV2

How the Exploit Works

The exploit takes advantage of the alarm system’s lack of proper authentication measures. An attacker can capture and replay the authentication sequence, tricking the system into believing it’s a legitimate user. This allows the attacker to bypass the alarm system’s security measures and gain physical access to the protected facility without triggering any alarms.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited. Note that this is a simplified example for understanding purposes and does not represent a real-world attack scenario.

capture = sniff(iface='eth0', filter='tcp and host 192.168.1.1 and port 80', count=1)
replay = send(capture)

In this example, the ‘sniff’ function is used to capture the authentication sequence from the network interface ‘eth0’. The captured sequence is then replayed using the ‘send’ function, effectively bypassing the alarm system’s authentication measures.

Overview

The CVE-2025-47567 is a high-severity vulnerability that affects the LambertGroup Video Player & FullScreen Video Background up to version 2.4.1. This vulnerability arises due to improper neutralization of special elements used in an SQL command, leaving the software susceptible to SQL injection attacks. Such attacks may compromise the system and lead to potential data leakage.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-47567
Severity: High (7.6 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: Low
User Interaction: None
Impact: System Compromise and Potential Data Leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

LambertGroup Video Player | up to 2.4.1
FullScreen Video Background | up to 2.4.1

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability stems from improper sanitization of user-supplied data in SQL commands. When an attacker sends specially crafted SQL commands through user input fields, the application fails to adequately sanitize the input before adding it to the SQL query. This allows the attacker to manipulate the query, enabling them to retrieve, modify, or delete data or potentially gain unauthorized access to the system.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited using an HTTP request:

POST /videoPlayer/loadPlaylist HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{ "playlist_id": "1; DROP TABLE users;" }

In the above example, the malicious payload `”1; DROP TABLE users;”` would cause the application to execute an SQL command that deletes the `users` table from the database, if successful.

Mitigation and Recommendations

Until a patch is provided by the vendor, it is recommended to use a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) to mitigate the risk. These tools can help by detecting and blocking malicious SQL commands. Once the patch is available, users should update their LambertGroup Video Player & FullScreen Video Background to the latest version to fix this vulnerability.

Overview

This report discusses a critical vulnerability, CVE-2025-3744, that affects Nomad Enterprise. This software vulnerability allows jobs to bypass the mandatory sentinel policies when using the policy override option. The implications of this vulnerability are severe, potentially leading to system compromise or data leakage. It is, therefore, crucial to understand and mitigate this risk.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-3744
Severity: High (CVSS: 7.6)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: Low
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise and potential data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Nomad Enterprise | 1.10.0 and below
Nomad Enterprise | 1.9.8 and below
Nomad Enterprise | 1.8.12 and below

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability, CVE-2025-3744, lies in the policy override option of Nomad Enterprise. When this option is enabled, jobs can bypass the mandatory sentinel policies, creating a security loophole. This bypass can potentially allow unauthorized access to the system or data, leading to possible system compromise or data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

The following pseudocode illustrates how this vulnerability might be exploited:

# Using Nomad job file with policy override option
nomad job run -policy-override exploit.nomad

In this conceptual example, an attacker could craft a `exploit.nomad` job file with malicious intent, then use the `-policy-override` option to bypass the sentinel policies, potentially gaining unauthorized access to the system or data.

Mitigation Guidance

It is highly recommended to apply the vendor-provided patches to mitigate this vulnerability. The patches for this vulnerability are present in the Nomad Enterprise versions 1.10.1, 1.9.9, and 1.8.13. If patching is not immediately possible, implementing a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can serve as a temporary mitigation measure.

Overview

The vulnerability CVE-2025-31213 is a critical logging issue that has been discovered in several iPadOS and macOS versions. It allows any app to access usernames and associated websites stored in a user’s iCloud Keychain. This vulnerability poses a significant risk to user privacy and system security, as it could lead to potential system compromise or data leakage.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-31213
Severity: High (7.6 CVSS score)
Attack Vector: Local
Privileges Required: Low
User Interaction: Required
Impact: Access to sensitive information and potential system compromise

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

iPadOS | Up to 17.7.7
macOS Ventura | Up to 13.7.6
macOS Sequoia | Up to 15.5
macOS Sonoma | Up to 14.7.6

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability exploits a flaw in the logging system of iCloud Keychain. An app, potentially malicious, can access the logging data, which inadvertently contains sensitive information like usernames and associated websites. This occurs due to insufficient data redaction in the logging system, thereby exposing sensitive user information.

Conceptual Example Code

Here is a
conceptual
example indicating how an attacker might exploit this vulnerability:

let keychain = KeychainSwift()
let allKeys = keychain.allKeys
for key in allKeys {
if let username = keychain.get(key) {
print("Username: \(username)")
}
if let website = keychain.get(key + "_website") {
print("Associated Website: \(website)")
}
}

This Swift script mimics what a malicious app might do: iterate through all keys in the iCloud Keychain and print out the usernames and associated websites. It’s a simplified representation, but it captures the core of how this vulnerability might be exploited.

Overview

A significant vulnerability, identified as CVE-2024-4982, has been discovered in the Pagure server software. This vulnerability exposes users to potential system compromise or data leakage due to a directory traversal flaw. Cybersecurity experts, system administrators, and individuals using Pagure servers should take immediate notice of this vulnerability due to its high severity and potential for system compromise or data leakage.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2024-4982
Severity: High (7.6 CVSS v3.1 Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: Required
Impact: System compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Pagure | All versions before patch

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability allows a malicious user to perform directory traversal on the Pagure server by submitting a specially crafted git repository. As a result, the attacker could gain unauthorized access to sensitive information or secrets on the server, leading to potential system compromise or data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

A malicious user might exploit this vulnerability by sending a specially crafted git repository to the Pagure server. The following is a simplified, conceptual example of such malicious git repository:

mkdir evil_repo
cd evil_repo
git init
echo "malicious code" > ../../../../../etc/secrets
git add ../../../../../etc/secrets
git commit -m "exploit"

In this example, the malicious user is creating a git repository (`evil_repo`) containing a file that is placed outside the repository’s directory via directory traversal (`../../../../../etc/secrets`). The malicious code within this file could then be used to compromise the system or leak data.

Overview

A critical vulnerability, identified as CVE-2024-4981, has been discovered in the Pagure server software. This vulnerability, if exploited, could allow a malicious user to submit a Git repository with symbolic links, leading to unintentional incorporation and visibility of contents from outside the Git repository. As a result, this could potentially lead to a full system compromise or data leakage, posing a significant threat to any organization utilizing this software.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2024-4981
Severity: High (7.6 CVSS score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: Low
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise and data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Pagure Server | All versions prior to vendor patch

How the Exploit Works

The exploit operates by a malicious user submitting a Git repository with symbolic links to the Pagure server. Pagure, not properly handling or resolving these symbolic links, inadvertently incorporates and makes visible contents from outside the Git repository. This results in exposure of potentially sensitive information that could be used for further attacks or compromises.

Conceptual Example Code

While no specific exploit code is available, a conceptual example may involve the creation of a symbolic link in a Git repository that points to a sensitive area of the system. This could be done with a command like:

ln -s /etc/passwd ./malicious_symlink

The malicious repository, when pushed to the Pagure server, could then expose the contents of /etc/passwd, leading to potential system compromise.

Recommended Mitigation

To mitigate this vulnerability, it is recommended that users apply any available vendor patches as soon as possible. As a temporary measure, a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can be used to detect and prevent attempts to exploit this vulnerability. Regularly updating and patching software is the best defense against such vulnerabilities.

Overview

The vulnerability identified as CVE-2025-47587 is a critical one, affecting YayCommerce YaySMTP versions through 2.6.4. This vulnerability arises from improper neutralization of special elements used in an SQL command, allowing potential blind SQL injections. The exploitation of this vulnerability could lead to a significant system compromise or data leakage.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-47587
Severity: High (CVSS: 7.6)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: Low
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise and potential data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

YayCommerce YaySMTP | through 2.6.4

How the Exploit Works

The exploit works by taking advantage of the improper neutralization of special elements used in an SQL command within YayCommerce YaySMTP. An attacker can craft SQL queries that the YaySMTP application fails to sanitize properly, leading to unintended execution of SQL commands. This vulnerability enables the attacker to manipulate the SQL queries, leading to data extraction or even system compromise.

Conceptual Example Code

Here is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited. This could be a sample SQL injection payload in an HTTP request to a vulnerable endpoint:

POST /vulnerable/endpoint HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{
"email": "victim@example.com",
"password": "password'; DROP TABLE users; --"
}

In the above example, the malicious payload `’; DROP TABLE users; –` is injected into the password field, which could potentially lead to the deletion of the ‘users’ table if the application does not properly sanitize the input.

Mitigation Guidance

To mitigate this vulnerability, users are advised to apply the patch provided by the vendor. As a temporary mitigation, users can also use a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) to detect and block SQL injection attacks. Regular updates and patches from the vendor should also be promptly applied to prevent exploitation of this vulnerability.

Overview

This report examines the CVE-2025-47544 vulnerability, an SQL Injection flaw found in the Dynamic Pricing With Discount Rules plugin for WooCommerce by acowebs. The issue is of significant concern as it could potentially lead to system compromise or data leakage. Therefore, businesses utilizing WooCommerce for their e-commerce operations must take immediate protective measures to safeguard their software environment.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-47544
Severity: High (7.6 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: Low
User Interaction: None
Impact: System Compromise and Data Leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

acowebs Dynamic Pricing With Discount Rules for WooCommerce | n/a through 4.5.8

How the Exploit Works

The exploit takes advantage of the “Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an SQL Command” in the plugin. An attacker can manipulate the SQL query by injecting malicious data into the system. This technique, known as “Blind SQL Injection,” allows the attacker to control the database query and can lead to unauthorized access to sensitive information or even control over the entire system.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited. This could be a crafted HTTP POST request, which injects a malicious SQL command.

POST /vulnerable/endpoint HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{ "discount_rule": "'; DROP TABLE users; --" }

This example illustrates a classic SQL Injection attack, where the attacker attempts to delete the “users” table from the database. However, the actual payload would be tailored to the specific SQL dialect and database schema in use.

Mitigation Guidance

For mitigation, it is recommended to apply the vendor patch as soon as it becomes available. Until then, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) could serve as a temporary mitigation measure. These systems can help detect and block SQL Injection attempts, reducing the risk of exploitation. Regularly updating and patching software is also essential in maintaining a secure system.