Author: Ameeba

Overview

The Apache Tomcat servers from versions 11.0.0-M1 through 11.0.7, 10.1.0-M1 through 10.1.41, and 9.0.0.M1 through 9.0.105 have been identified with a severe vulnerability. This vulnerability, classified under CVE-2025-48988, enables attackers to potentially compromise the system or lead to data leakage. It is therefore crucial for system administrators and security professionals to understand this threat and take prompt action to mitigate it.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-48988
Severity: High (CVSS: 7.5)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: Low
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Apache Tomcat | 11.0.0-M1 through 11.0.7
Apache Tomcat | 10.1.0-M1 through 10.1.41
Apache Tomcat | 9.0.0.M1 through 9.0.105

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability occurs due to an error in the allocation of resources without limits or throttling within Apache Tomcat. This could allow an attacker to send specially crafted requests to consume all available resources, leading to a denial-of-service (DoS) condition or even potential system compromise.

Conceptual Example Code

A potential exploitation might look like this:

POST /resourceIntensiveEndpoint HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{ "resourceDemandingPayload": "Repeatedly demanding high resource task" }

In the above pseudocode, `resourceIntensiveEndpoint` represents a vulnerable endpoint that doesn’t have proper resource allocation limits. The `resourceDemandingPayload` is designed to consume large amounts of system resources, leading to potential system compromise.

Overview

The Apache Commons FileUpload library, widely used software for handling file uploads in Java-based web applications, has been found to have a significant vulnerability (CVE-2025-48976). This vulnerability stems from insufficient limits on the allocation of resources for multipart headers, enabling a potential Denial of Service (DoS) attack. This issue is of critical concern to any system employing affected versions of Apache Commons FileUpload, as it may lead to system compromise or data leakage.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-48976
Severity: High (7.5 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise and data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Apache Commons FileUpload | 1.0 to 1.5
Apache Commons FileUpload | 2.0.0-M1 to 2.0.0-M3

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability lies in the way Apache Commons FileUpload processes multipart headers. By sending a specially crafted multipart request with an excessive amount of data in the headers, an attacker can exhaust system resources, causing the application to become unresponsive, leading to a DoS condition. This could potentially be exploited further to gain unauthorized access or extract sensitive data.

Conceptual Example Code

A conceptual example of the exploit might involve sending an HTTP POST request with an excessive amount of data in the multipart headers. An example might look like this:

POST /vulnerable/endpoint HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: multipart/form-data; boundary=----WebKitFormBoundary7MA4YWxkTrZu0gW
------WebKitFormBoundary7MA4YWxkTrZu0gW
Content-Disposition: form-data; name="file"; filename="file.txt"
Content-Type: text/plain
[large amount of data]
------WebKitFormBoundary7MA4YWxkTrZu0gW--

In the above example, the `[large amount of data]` will be replaced with an excessive amount of data, exhausting system resources and potentially leading to a DoS condition.

Overview

CVE-2025-25265 is a crucial cybersecurity vulnerability in a web application controller, allowing an unauthenticated attacker to remotely read files from the system file structure. This vulnerability poses a significant risk to organizations that utilize this specific controller due to the potential for system compromise and data leakage, showcasing the urgent need for remediation.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-25265
Severity: High (7.5 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Web Application Controller | All Versions

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability resides in a specific endpoint of the web application for configuring the controller. This endpoint does not properly authenticate requests, allowing an attacker to send specifically crafted requests to this endpoint, resulting in the controller reading and returning files from the system file structure. This could potentially include sensitive files, leading to a system compromise or data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

Here is a conceptual HTTP request that could exploit this vulnerability:

GET /controller/config/endpoint?file=/etc/passwd HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com

In this example, the attacker is requesting the `/etc/passwd` file, which could contain sensitive information.

Mitigation Guidance

Organizations affected by this vulnerability should immediately apply the vendor-provided patch to their systems. If the patch cannot be applied immediately, a temporary mitigation measure would be to utilize a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) to monitor and block malicious requests to the vulnerable endpoint.

Overview

A high-severity vulnerability has been identified in OpenC3 COSMOS 6.0.0, potentially allowing attackers to execute a directory traversal. This vulnerability, tracked as CVE-2025-28382, poses a significant risk to any organization utilizing the affected software as it can lead to system compromise or data leakage. Immediate action is required to mitigate the risk.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-28382
Severity: High (7.5)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: Low
User Interaction: None
Impact: System Compromise or Data Leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

OpenC3 COSMOS | 6.0.0

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability resides in the openc3-api/tables endpoint of OpenC3 COSMOS 6.0.0. This vulnerability allows an attacker to manipulate the API endpoint with directory traversal sequences, ultimately enabling them to access unauthorized files or directories. An attacker can exploit this to gain access to sensitive information or execute arbitrary code, potentially leading to a full system compromise.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a conceptual example of how this vulnerability might be exploited. This example uses a malicious HTTP POST request to the vulnerable endpoint, injecting directory traversal sequences into the request.

POST /openc3-api/tables/../../../etc/passwd HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{ "malicious_payload": "..." }

Mitigation Guidance

Users are advised to apply the latest vendor patches to address this vulnerability. In case patches are not immediately available, organizations can use a web application firewall (WAF) or intrusion detection system (IDS) to detect and block malicious traffic as a temporary mitigation measure. It’s crucial to stay updated with the latest security advisories from the vendor and apply patches as soon as they are released.

Overview

This report provides an in-depth analysis of the recently identified cybersecurity vulnerability, CVE-2025-28381. This critical vulnerability affects OpenC3 COSMOS v6.0.0, where an attacker can access service credentials stored as environment variables in all containers. The potential impact of this vulnerability is significant, including potential system compromise and data leakage, which emphasizes the urgency of this issue.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-28381
Severity: High (CVSS: 7.5)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise, Data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

OpenC3 COSMOS | v6.0.0

How the Exploit Works

The attacker can exploit this vulnerability by targeting the OpenC3 COSMOS v6.0.0 system’s containers. Due to a lack of proper security measures, service credentials are stored as environment variables in all containers. This flaw allows an attacker to access these credentials, potentially compromising the entire system and leaking sensitive data.

Conceptual Example Code

While no specific exploit code is available, the attack may resemble the conceptual example below:

$ docker exec -it [container_id] env

This shell command, executed within the compromised system, lists the environment variables of a specific container. If the credentials are stored as plain environment variables, the attacker could extract them from the output of this command.

Overview

The WP Travel Engine – Tour Booking Plugin for WordPress, a popular tool used by tour operators, is vulnerable to unauthorized data loss due to a significant flaw in its delete_package() function. This vulnerability, labeled as CVE-2025-5282, allows unauthenticated attackers to delete arbitrary posts, posing a potential threat to system integrity and data confidentiality.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-5282
Severity: High (7.5 CVSS)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Unauthorized deletion of arbitrary posts, potential system compromise, and data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

WP Travel Engine – Tour Booking Plugin – Tour Operator Software Plugin for WordPress | Up to and including 6.5.1

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability exists due to a missing capability check on the delete_package() function in the WP Travel Engine – Tour Booking Plugin. This lack of a capability check means that any user, authenticated or not, can send a request to delete any arbitrary post. In the hands of a malicious actor, this can lead to unauthorized data loss, system compromise, or data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited using an HTTP request:

POST /wp-travel-engine/delete_package HTTP/1.1
Host: vulnerable-website.com
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
package_id=1234

In this example, `package_id` corresponds to the ID of the post or ‘package’ that the attacker wishes to delete. The server, due to the vulnerability, does not check if the user has the required permissions to delete the post, leading to unauthorized data loss.

Mitigation Guidance

Users of the affected plugin are strongly advised to apply the vendor’s patch at the earliest. In case the patch cannot be applied immediately, users should consider using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) as a temporary mitigation measure. Prompt action is crucial to prevent potential system compromise or data leakage.

Overview

CVE-2025-30399 is a critical vulnerability in .NET and Visual Studio that could allow an attacker to execute code over a network, potentially leading to system compromise or data leakage. This issue is particularly concerning for organizations and developers who are utilizing these platforms as it could enable unauthorized access to sensitive systems and data.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-30399
Severity: High (CVSS: 7.5)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System Compromise, Data Leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

.NET | All versions prior to patch
Visual Studio | All versions prior to patch

How the Exploit Works

This vulnerability is due to an untrusted search path flaw in .NET and Visual Studio. An attacker can exploit this vulnerability by tricking the software into loading and executing malicious code from an untrusted location over a network without requiring user interaction. This could potentially lead to system compromise or data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

The following is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited. This is not an actual exploit code but a demonstration of the method an attacker might use.

# The attacker prepares the malicious code
echo "echo 'System Compromised'" > exploit.sh
# The attacker hosts the malicious code on an untrusted network location
mv exploit.sh //untrusted/network/location
# The attacker tricks .NET or Visual Studio into loading and executing the malicious code
.NET run //untrusted/network/location/exploit.sh

Please note this is a simplification of the actual exploit, which can be highly complex and adaptable to specific targets.

Mitigation Guidance

To mitigate this vulnerability, it is recommended to apply the vendor-provided patch as soon as possible. In the interim, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can provide temporary mitigation. These systems can help detect and block attempts to exploit this vulnerability. However, they should not replace the need to apply the vendor-provided patch.

Overview

This report provides a detailed analysis of a critical vulnerability identified as CVE-2025-6031. This vulnerability primarily affects users of the deprecated Amazon Cloud Cam, a home security camera. Due to this vulnerability, an arbitrary user can bypass SSL pinning, leading to potential network traffic interception and modification. The severity of this vulnerability underlines the importance of discontinuing the usage of this deprecated device.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-6031
Severity: Critical (7.5 CVSS Score)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Amazon Cloud Cam | All versions

How the Exploit Works

When the Amazon Cloud Cam is powered on, it attempts to connect to a now-deprecated remote service infrastructure. Due to the end-of-life status of the device, it defaults to a pairing status where SSL pinning can be bypassed. An arbitrary user can then associate the device with an arbitrary network, intercepting and modifying the network traffic, thereby compromising the system or leading to data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

Here’s a conceptual example of how this vulnerability might be exploited. This is a simple shell command that might be used to associate the device to an arbitrary network:

# Assuming the device's IP is 192.168.1.10
# Attackers can bypass SSL pinning to connect the device to their network
$ arp -s 192.168.1.10 00:11:22:33:44:55

Please note that this is a conceptual example and the actual exploitation might require more sophisticated techniques. It is strongly recommended that users discontinue the usage of Amazon Cloud Cam and apply vendor patches or use WAF/IDS as temporary mitigation.

Overview

This report examines the details of CVE-2024-55567, a serious vulnerability found in the Insyde InsydeH2O kernel. This vulnerability affects several versions of the kernel and poses a significant risk due to the potential for system compromise or data leakage. It is of particular concern to organizations using affected versions of the kernel, as exploitation could lead to unauthorized access and control of system resources.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2024-55567
Severity: High (CVSS: 7.5)
Attack Vector: Local
Privileges Required: Low
User Interaction: None
Impact: System compromise or data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Insyde InsydeH2O Kernel | 5.4 before 05.47.01
Insyde InsydeH2O Kernel | 5.5 before 05.55.01
Insyde InsydeH2O Kernel | 5.6 before 05.62.01
Insyde InsydeH2O Kernel | 5.7 before 05.71.01

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability lies in the improper input validation in UsbCoreDxe in the InsydeH2O kernel. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by triggering a specific SMM (System Management Mode) call out. This could allow the attacker to write arbitrary memory inside SMRAM (System Management RAM) and execute arbitrary code at the SMM level, leading to potential system compromise or data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

While the specific exploitation code will depend on the attacker’s objectives and the system’s configuration, a conceptual example might look like this:

# Conceptual Python code showing how to exploit the vulnerability
import smm
def exploit(target_smm):
# Create arbitrary memory and code
arbitrary_memory = smm.Memory("...")
arbitrary_code = smm.Code("...")
# Write arbitrary memory inside SMRAM
target_smm.write_memory(arbitrary_memory)
# Execute arbitrary code at SMM level
target_smm.execute_code(arbitrary_code)
# Target the vulnerable SMM
target_smm = smm.get_smm("target")
exploit(target_smm)

Note: This is a conceptual example and may not reflect the exact methods used in a real-world exploit of this vulnerability. It is meant to illustrate the potential method of exploitation rather than provide a specific exploit script.

Overview

This report presents a detailed analysis of a significant security vulnerability, CVE-2025-46035, which affects Tenda AC6 v.15.03.05.16. The vulnerability is of high importance due to its potential to permit a remote attacker to cause a denial of service and possibly compromise the system or leak data.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-46035
Severity: High (7.5 CVSS)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Denial of service, potential system compromise, and data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Tenda AC6 | v.15.03.05.16

How the Exploit Works

This vulnerability stems from a buffer overflow issue in the handling of the schedStartTime and schedEndTime parameters in an unauthenticated HTTP GET request to the /goform/openSchedWifi endpoint in Tenda AC6 v.15.03.05.16. An attacker can send an oversized schedStartTime and schedEndTime parameters to this endpoint, which causes the system to overflow its buffer, leading to a denial of service. Depending on the system configuration, the attacker might also gain unauthorized access or cause data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited. The malicious payload here consists of oversized schedStartTime and schedEndTime parameters.

GET /goform/openSchedWifi?schedStartTime=OVERSIZED_VALUE&schedEndTime=OVERSIZED_VALUE HTTP/1.1
Host: target.example.com

Note: Replace `OVERSIZED_VALUE` with values exceeding the expected size for the schedStartTime and schedEndTime parameters.

Mitigation Guidance

It is recommended to apply the vendor patch as soon as it is available to prevent potential attacks. In the meantime, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can serve as a temporary mitigation measure.