CVE-2025-45427: Critical Stack Overflow Vulnerability in Tenda AC9 v1.0 Firmware

Overview

The cybersecurity community has identified a critical vulnerability in the firmware version V15.03.05.14_multi of Tenda AC9 v1.0. Known as CVE-2025-45427, this vulnerability can lead to remote arbitrary code execution due to a stack overflow error in the security parameter of /goform/WifiBasicSet. As a cybersecurity expert, it’s important to understand the nature of this vulnerability, its implications, and the mitigation measures that can be implemented to safeguard against potential exploits. This vulnerability poses a serious threat to users due to its potential for system compromise and data leakage.

Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID: CVE-2025-45427
Severity: Critical (9.8)
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Impact: Potential system compromise and data leakage

Affected Products

Product | Affected Versions

Tenda AC9 v1.0 | V15.03.05.14_multi

How the Exploit Works

The vulnerability CVE-2025-45427 exploits a flaw in the security parameter of /goform/WifiBasicSet. When a particular input size is exceeded, this leads to a stack overflow error. As the stack overflow error occurs, it creates an opportunity for an attacker to execute arbitrary code remotely. This can potentially lead to full system compromise or data leakage.

Conceptual Example Code

Below is a conceptual example of how the vulnerability might be exploited, demonstrated through an HTTP request:

POST /goform/WifiBasicSet HTTP/1.1
Host: target_router_ip
Content-Type: application/json
{
"security_param": "A"*10000
}

In the above example, a JSON payload is sent to the vulnerable endpoint with a `security_param` parameter containing a large number of ‘A’ characters. This is enough to cause a stack overflow, allowing the attacker to eventually execute arbitrary code remotely.

Mitigation Measures

The recommended mitigation measure for this vulnerability is to apply the vendor patch if it’s available. In scenarios where the vendor patch is not available or cannot be applied immediately, using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can serve as temporary mitigation. These systems can help monitor network traffic and detect potential exploits of this vulnerability, thereby providing an additional layer of security.
In conclusion, CVE-2025-45427 is a critical vulnerability that demands immediate attention and action. The potential for system compromise and data leakage makes it a significant threat to any system running the affected firmware version of Tenda AC9 v1.0. By understanding the nature of this vulnerability and applying the recommended mitigation measures, it is possible to significantly reduce the risk of exploitation.